Terrorism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Terrorism - Term Paper Example Its history has been long and significant. This paper shall now seek to study and trace the history of terrorism in America. First, a general overview of the significant events in American terrorism shall be discussed. Secondly, a more specific discussion of relevant terrorism attacks in America shall be carried out. Lastly, this paper shall be summarized and concluded with specific points of discussion for future studies. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear picture of terrorism in America. It is being conducted as a means of understanding the patterns of attacks as well as the impact of these events in the life of the American people. Body Overview Terrorism in the United States is said to be caused by the various issues and conflicts which exist within and outside its borders. The country is a unique country because of its ability to contain the masses in a state of relative peace and harmony (Kelly, 2012). On further evaluation, terrorism in America is bo rne out of an extreme distrust of the American democratic ideals and of the illusion that people from varied backgrounds can all live loyally under the US political system (Kelly, 2012). In effect, despite significant variations in the expressions of terrorism, terrorism in the US can sometimes be explained as a violent claim on American values. The distrust is based on various expressions from different groups and in different time periods. The earliest manifestation of terrorism was seen in the early republic time period. The Boston Tea Party is an incident which is not considered terrorism in the technical sense (Kelly, 2012). The incident was a staged rebellion launched by colonists as a means of pressuring Britain into shifting its policies on the US (Kelly, 2012). Although this incident is not significantly violent, it can be placed in the category of terrorism as it was an act which sought to secure the goals and styles of national liberation groups. After the Civil War, terr orism came in the form of white supremacy movements and activities. The first form of terrorism seen in the United States was based on the ideals and activities of white supremacists (Kelly, 2012). These supremacists were Protestant Christians who believed that they were superior to other races and ethnicities and that general society must also exhibit such superiority. Before the Civil War, American society displayed such supremacy, especially as slavery was a legal practice (Kelly, 2012). Only after the Civil War ended was slavery made illegal, and white supremacy was soon to emerge. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was the most infamous white supremacist group formed. This group used various means of terrorism and harmful activities against African-Americans and other sympathetic whites (Kelly, 2012). This group was later outlawed by Congress and the group branded as terrorists. Various incarnations of the group have become apparent over the years and various similar violent and terrorist acts have been perpetuated by these incarnations. The Ku Klux Klan still exists, but in a less violent fashion, however it has since grown in membership and continues to support its white supremacist ideals, not just against African-Americans, but against other minorities as well, including Asians, Arabs, and Jews. The Bolshevik revolution which later led to the establishment of the Soviet Union had a significant impact on revolutionaries all over the world, including America (Kelly, 2012). The

Discuss the role of the motor cortex in movement. 1500 Words Essay

Discuss the role of the motor cortex in movement. 1500 Words - Essay Example The motor cortex plans voluntary actions – it helps in initiating, planning, controlling and maintaining voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, coordinates sequences of movements and relay commands to the appropriate sets of lower motor neurons to execute the desired actions. Diseases or traumas on this part of the brain have adverse effects on the patient. Presently, such diseases include Apraxia, which causes an inability to initiate purposeful learned movement in response to external commands despite the ability and desire to perform the movement, and Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease – characterized by loss of the ability to initiate movement or stop it once initiated plus the occurrence of uncontrollable movement. Modern man, Homo sapiens, has an average cranial capacity of 1350cc far more than all his other earlier ancestors. This increased cranial capacity is credited for his higher intellectual ability over other animals and primates. The brain serves many functions in the body, from thought to emotions, waking and sleeping, respiration, memory, controlling actions just to mention but a few and can thus be considered as the central control for the whole body. Like all other living things, man also moves around in search for food, flight from danger or for pleasure. Movement is a function of muscular flexion and extension all which are under the control of the brain – except for reflexive movements, which are controlled by the spinal cord and mainly help maintain posture and balance without involving the conscious mind. The brain is divided into six main parts; the cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and the brain stem – mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata, each of which has its different functions (Marieb, 2000). The cerebellum contains a region known as the motor cortex in the precentral gyrus that helps in initiating, planning and controlling voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. The motor cortex is further

Is it necessary to have VAT/GST in Hong Kong?

Is it necessary to have VAT/GST in Hong Kong? Limitations of Research: the researcher could not use all the internet sources because some of them are written in Chinese, the researcher followed the structure that is provided by you but I have noticed that there is repetition in the points that are mentioned in the objectives and the points that are mentioned in the chapter plan, also there is a repetition in the resources that are mentioned in the data and information needs and the points in relevant literature consulted. The researcher shall bear no responsibility for any confusion caused by the un-clarity of the attached document. Introduction: More than 120 countries have imposed Goods and Services Tax, the only developed country that has not imposed this tax is Hong Kong. VAT or GST has been introduced by France in 1954(Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry). All the developed countries (except Hong Kong) and most of the developing countries have followed France in imposing VAT/GST because this tax is considered: Fair: VAT/GST is considered a fair tax because it relates the amount of collected tax to the amount of consumption; the more you consume, the more you pay VAT. Simplicity: unlike any other taxes, VAT/GST is considered a straightforward tax; it is imposed according to a known percentage on the value of the products and services Efficiency: this tax is very efficient, it is very easy to collect it and it is very difficult to avoid it. Chapter2: Objectives: The purpose of this research is to find out whether VAT/GST is a suitable tax for Hong Kong or not. The research has covered very large material and literature about Hong Kong and similar economies to Hong Kong such as Singapore. The research also aimed to show that most of the governments of the world are broadening their budgets by imposing VAT/GST on customers while they are trying to reduce income and corporate taxes. Chapter3: Literature consulted: The research has covered a large part of literature published by global accredited organizations such as Price Waterhouse coopers, Ernest Young and the government of Hong Kong. The major text books have been used to give us a broad idea about the issue in research while the specialized working papers, Internet articles and government websites have been used in order to give us a clear idea about the issue in research. The research consulted working papers published by several universities and bodies in order to explain the theoretical principles behind imposing VAT/GST (Hubbard,G,R(1997)and the impact of VAT/GST on the informal sector in developed countries. Chapter4: Proposed Methodology: we can see from the above chart the deficit that have faced Hong Kong from 1997 until 2003, the revenue was very low compared to the spending which proved to be steady. †During the same year, about 70% of the total revenue collected by the Inland Revenue Department came from profits tax and salaries tax. Nevertheless, the profits and salaries tax nets are very narrow and shrinking. Less than 40% of our workforce of 3.2 million people pay any salaries tax, and only 10,000 people pay the maximum salaries tax rate of 15%. About 5% of the payers of profits tax contribute to 80% of the profits tax revenue. Further loss of profits could occur as a result of globalisation. Besides, the spread of e-commerce will have implications on all governments abilities to assess and collect business-related taxes. In this regard, both the Financial Secretary and the Secretary for the Treasury expressed their concerns on the impact of the exponential growth of e-commerce on Hong Kongs territorial-based tax system. The Government will set up a Task Force to review public finances and an independent committee on new broad-based taxes†, Wong, J(no date given) The research has depended on major questionnaire that have been distributed to citizens and companies in Hong Kong in order to get their opinion about VAT/GST tax. The response that I have got from this questionnaire has been used in predicting the change in consumption behavior by the citizens of Hong Kong. The research has also depended on comparative analysis in order to see how Hong Kong economy will be affected and how the whole tax system will be redesigned. The research depended on some graphs to illustrate the topic further. Chapter5: Data and Information needs and sources: This research needs theortical as well as practical data and comparative analysis. This research is different because it assesses the potential of something that might happen in the future. The researcher has conducted a questionnaire in order to measure the acceptance of the people to VAT and their views about the fiscal position of their country. The researcher tried to make sure that the sample is random, so the results are random too and not biased. The research required me to use some theoretical concepts in order to assess the impact of VAT. The research also depended on comparative analysis in order to see what happened to similar economies that have implemented VAT/GST. Chapter6: Chapter Plan: Understanding the principles behind using an expenditure tax like GST/VAT: Definition of GST: Goods and Services tax is imposed on: Goods and Services tax is broad-based and equitable and is capable of yielding sizeable and steady revenues. VAT or GST is a consumption tax, it is paid by the consumer of the product or the service as a percentage of the final price. It is related to all commercial activities involving the production and distribution of services; it is not charged on companies which mean that companies can deduct from their VAT liabilities the amount of tax they have paid to other taxable persons on purchases for their business activities. Hong Kong government is considering introducing VAT/GST tax in 2009(Hong Kong’s Inland Revenue). Difference between VAT and Sales Tax: VAT is imposed on every stage of production while Sales tax is actually collected in the form of extra charge by the retailer, who remits the tax to the government. VAT and the Theory of Economics: There have been a long debate between different economic schools of thought around the world about tax reform. Some economists prefer income tax to VAT/GST because it provides fair treatment to the citizens of the country while others prefer VAT/GST. According to Hubbard,G,R(1997), some economists support VAT for the following reasons: Imposing VAT instead of income tax will encourage capital accumulation and savings. Removing income and profit taxes will remove distortions in the allocation of capital among different economic sectors. A broad based consumption tax would avoid potential costly distortions of firm’s financial structures. Importance of VAT: Today it is a key source of government revenue in over 120 countries. About 4 billion people, 70 percent of the worlds population, now live in countries with a VAT, and it raises about $18 trillion in tax revenue, Liam E., Michael K., Jean-Paul B. and Victoria S(1991) VAT has advantages and disadvantages: Disadvantages of imposing VAT: VAT discourages specialist economic activity and fragmentation in the production because VAT will be fragmented; VAT encourages integration in order to avoid compounded VAT. VAT encourages financing big governments: in the 1960s, the size of governments in the US and the UK were approximately equal, in the year 2002, the size of the government in Europe have exceeded the size of the US government, many analysts attribute the difference between the sizes of the two governments to VAT, The expansion of the government will lead to higher prices and inefficient production, the thing that will lead to more taxes in the future. VAT will reduce the available capital to private businesses and raise interest rates, increasing interest rates will stifle economic growth and reduce the potential growth. Advantages of imposing VAT: VAT could finance the debt of the government because it provides stable and steady stream of income that is capable of financing development projects. VAT could reduce consumption and make the citizens of any country save and invest more money. By encouraging integration, VAT could push the economy towards mergers that will reduce the stages of production; VAT simply tends to encourage big businesses to get bigger by buying other companies, this could yield economies of scale and generate synergies.. Selectivity: the government can select the products and services that it needs to impose VAT on, for example, most government exclude food from VAT, by using VAT governments could take into its consideration the difficult economic situation of the poor and decide the exclusions that apply to them. VAT is a secure way to finance the government’s structural deficit, VAT covers most of the economic segments in the economy and it is very difficult to evade it. Introduce a historical background, economy and tax system in Hong Kong: The Modern History of Hong Kong: Hong Kong was a British dependency from the 1840s until July 1, 1997, when it passed to Chinese sovereignty as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), Pannell,C(1998). The British control of Hong Kong began in 1842, when China was forced to cede Hong Kong Island to Great Britain after the First Opium War. In 1984 Great Britain and China signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, which stipulated that Hong Kong return to Chinese rule in 1997 as a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China. The Joint Declaration and a Chinese law called the Basic Law, which followed in 1990, provide for the SAR to operate with a high degree of economic autonomy for 50 years beyond 1997, Reference: China Connection. In the Fifties of the last century, the threat of the cold world was looming over the world. Investors were looking for a safe heaven to locate their businesses and investments in a neutral place away from the eastern and the western camps, investors found in Hong Kong a promising country that is able to deliver good business environment that could foster growth and political stability at the same time. Growth in Hong Kong depends on several other economies such as the growth in the US economy and the growth in China and Southeast Asia in general. Growth in Hong Kong is related to oil prices and world wide prices; Hong Kong is a small island with very little raw resources, it depends on exporting raw materials from abroad in order to manufacture them on its land and re-export them again to other parts of the world. Manufacturing: In 1950s, Hong Kong attracted manufacturing jobs and the vast majority of its work force where working in factories. In 1980s, Hong Kong had about 905,000 manufacturing workers and manufacturing was the most important economic sector, Economist Intelligence Unit (2003). Until 1990s, Factories were manufacturing products that depended on labour intensive work force, after that manufacturing jobs started dropping because of the climbing costs of labour and land. In 1990s, the number of manufacturing jobs was about 575,000 jobs. In 2001, the manufacturing sector contributed to less than 5% of the GDP, Economist Intelligence Unit (2003). Like most of the developed nations, Manufacturing in Hong Kong is becoming concentrated on manufacturing hi-tech products and services. The manufacturing sector has been replaced by rapidly expanding service sector, in 1991; the service sector has generated 72.3% of the GDP in Hong Kong and in 2002, the service sector has generated about 83.9% of the GDP, Economist Intelligence Unit (2003). Services: A- Banking: The banking sector is now the most important economic sector in Hong Kong, Hong Kong is currently the fifth largest banking centre in the world. Hong Kong offered investors a very good opportunity to invest in a growing emerging economy. Investors benefited from tax free capital gains and high dividends. B- Tourism: Tourism is a significant source of economic growth in Hong Kong; nearly 9 million people visit Hong Kong every year, Tourists spend around $7 billion every year. Tourism is the third source of foreign exchange reserves in Hong Kong. The banking and the tourism sectors have delivered a very good growth to the Hong Kong economy. In 1996, Hong Kongs per capita gross domestic product (GDP) was second to Japan and Singapore in Asia and exceeded that of the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, Reference: internet article: Marimari (no date given). . Sources of Success: Hong Kong offered investors business-friendly laws and gave complete freedom to the movement of capital in order to encourage investments and promote growth. Hong Kong is duty free zone and there are few barriers to trade goods and services; this has made the country an important link ring between the east and the west. Hong Kong left market forces decide wages and prices; the government did not legislate any minimum wage requirement or anti-trust laws. Competition in Hong Kong: The decline of the manufacturing sector has caused the decline of competition in Hong Kong. Competition is considered an essential part of the market system. Competition benefits consumers and businesses, it benefits consumer by lowering prices and it benefits businesses by allocating resources in a more efficient ways. Competition is very important to the health of Hong Kong economy, competition gives world economies the flexibility to adjust its prices in the case of external shock (macro-economic shock) Sturm,P, Jahangir,A, Breuer,P, Nishigaki,Y (2000). Emerging economies that depend on fixed exchange rates usually suffer from real exchange rate appreciation. The real exchange rate appreciation could be treated by either: Switching to a flexible exchange rate: according to the â€Å"law of one price† flexible exchange rate will adjust exchange rates in order to make tradable products have the same price everywhere in the world. Lowering prices: lowering prices of products is an important toll in avoiding international competition, lowering prices could only happen if the structure of the market is competitive. Having a competitive market structure in lowering prices and keeping international capital flows coming to Hong Kong. Tax Regime in Hong Kong: Hong Kong tax regime is based on a territorial-based tax regime; the tax is imposed on incomes that arise from Hong Kong, Hong Kong’ Inland Revenue. The economy of Hong Kong has gained a competitive advantage because it imposes no taxes on capital gains and dividends; this has encouraged many investors to invest in that country and established an important financial centre in Asia. Hong Kong has the following simple tax structure: Property Tax: Property tax is levied on rental income from land and buildings situated in Hong Kong. Salaries Tax: Salaries tax is imposed on incomes derived from working in Hong Kong or if incomes derived from services rendered from Hong Kong. Profits Tax: profits that are generated in Hong Kong are subject to taxes, profits of unincorporated business stands at a rate of 15% and corporations at 16.5%. The relationship between Hong Kong and the foreign exchange rate: The currency in Hong Kong is Hong Kong dollar which is pegged to the US dollar, if Hong Kong government wanted that peg to continue, it should tighten its fiscal deficit. The currency of Hong Kong is an investment asset, many investors diversify their currency allocations, this diversified allocation to the funds of the global investors results in an important cash inflow to Hong Kong. For the Hong Kong dollar to get part of the allocation, Hong Kong should stabilize its budget in order to attract more foreign investment. Analyze why the government considers launching a broad-based tax; Narrow tax base: Hong Kong has very narrow tax base, narrow tax base means that the collected revenues do not provide enough revenue to cover the expenditure of the country. If we compare TAX/GDP ratio in Hong Kong compared to other Asia Pacific and OECD countries we find out that Hong Kong has the lowest ratio of TAX/GDP. Hong Kong has a narrow tax base because the tax base is shrinking since 1998; sound tax systems are based on growing and stable (not volatile) tax base. Hong Kong has the lowest corporate tax rate among the OECD countries, the current corporate tax stands at 16%. Erosion of Tax Base: The erosion of tax base is actually a result of several factors, such as: sliding house prices, illegal betting, e-commerce and online stock trading. In the following section I will explain each of these factors separately: sliding house prices: For a long time, Hong Kong depended on land and property transactions to contribute to government revenue of Hong Kong. Collected tax from property in Hong Kong(stamp duty, rates and shares and estate duties) is well above the international benchmarks as a percentage of GDP, Property from taxes/GDP=24% for Hong Kong against 5% for the OECD and 10% for the Asia Pacific countries), Reference: Hong Kong Government, Tax Base Study. Hong Kong depends on Land sales revenues in financing its budget, this has made Hong Kong increasingly dependent on non-tax revenues. In the tax base study that has been conducted by the government of Hong Kong and KPMG consultancy, the study reports the fact that Hong Kong’s non-tax revenue is about 80% of its tax revenues against 16% for OECD benchmark. Because Hong Kong has enjoyed a buoyant business environment for years, banks started granting credit very easily to businesses, the expansion of credit was accompanied by rising house prices, land prices started going up sharply from 1984 to 1997, Gerlach, S Peng, W(2002). Many companies found working in the construction sector very profitable because they can make profit from two sources: Net profits from building new houses and buildings. Profits from capital gains resulting from continuous increase in house prices. The construction sector was one the most attractive economic sectors in the country. Foreign and national banks expanded credit to companies which operate in the construction sector; the banking sector played an â€Å"accelerator† role in the run-up of the property prices. The government in Hong Kong has constructed its tax system around the fact that land prices are going up all the time because they are in demand. Because of the financial crises of August 1997 that hit south east Asia and also because of the government policy on housing, Revenues from land sales and land utilization(lease, rent) dropped dramatically, suddenly the government found its huge revenues from land dwindling. On the 16th of January 2000, the secretary for the treasury stated that: â€Å"The other significant factor supporting our finances, in recent years, has been the high levels of revenue from land and property transactions. But as property prices stabilize, the huge windfalls are unlikely to recur in the future† illegal betting: Hong Kong’s treasury depended on revenues from betting activities in the country. Hefty taxes has made too many people start thinking about illegal betting, Schuman,M(2004). On the 16th of January 2000, the secretary for the treasury stated that: â€Å"The impact of illegal gambling and the rise of gambling through the Internet threaten to erode our income from betting tax† Hong Kong’s Home Affairs bureau said handle plunged 30% from 1996-97 to 65 billion Hong Kong dollars (US$8.3 billion; euro6.5 billion) in 2003-04, while government revenue from betting dropped from HK$12.3 billion (US$1.6 billion; euro1.24 billion) to HK$8.78 billion (US$1.13 billion; euro882 million). Meanwhile, the amount of cash and betting slips seized from illegal soccer and horse gambling operators jumped from HK$9.38 million (US$1.20 million; euro942,000) in 2001 to HK$19.7 million (US$2.53 million; euro1.98 million) in 2004, according to the government. The government said handle is projected to drop another 30% by 2007-08 if no action is taken, Reference: the associated press (2005). e-commerce: Hong Kong tax system is based upon territorial system, which means that profits and incomes that are derived from Hong Kong should be taxed according to Hong Kong tax laws, the development of e-commerce and the expansion in on-line selling to customers who are not based in Hong Kong through websites that belong to the global network makes hard for the government of Hong Kong to draw a clear line between the income that is derived from the internet and the income that is derived from Hong Kong. On the 16th of January 2000, the secretary for the treasury stated that: â€Å"The spread of e-commerce will have implications on all governments abilities to assess and collect business-related taxes. For us, the impact will be further accentuated by the territorial-base of our taxation regime† online stock market trading: the development of modern communications and the development of the financial markets made trading on-line possible from all over the world, trading has been made very easy by websites that are based on the web, the development of futures, options and spread betting markets have made possible to trade 24 hours a day. It is very hard to impose taxes on online trading because the companies who established these websites do not have a physical place in Hong Kong. On the 16th of January 2000, the secretary for the treasury stated that: â€Å"The acceleration in global stock market trading through the Internet will require us to consider whether the stamp duty we charge on stock transactions can be maintained at its present level, or whether by doing so we would impede the further development of the Hong Kong stock market† Hong Kong has a prolonged problem in tax revenues resulting from low income tax on working population and the constant decrease in the number of working individuals because of aging. The secretary of treasury addressed this problem by saying: â€Å"For we all take for granted the low level of taxation which we enjoy in Hong Kong. For example, less than 40% of the workforce pay any salaries tax, and only 10,000 people pay the maximum salaries tax rate of 15%. Companies pay profits tax at 16%, and only profits arising in Hong Kong are subject to tax. Also we have no taxes on other income or capital gains, no sales or value-added taxes on what we buy, and duty is payable on very few commodities. So much for revenue, on the expenditure side, the community expects more and better public services. An ageing population will place increasing demands on our health and welfare services. The need to tackle pollution will bring substantial costs. We need to reconcile this need for additional spending with a contracting revenue base. Based on the above reasons the treasury of Hong Kong is considering widening the tax base a strategic option. Expanding the tax base is a constitutional obligation as well as an economical obligation. Hong Kong has to reduce its deficit if it wants to keep the value of its dollar strong and able to attract investors. †¦. These sound practices are now enshrined in the Basic Law. So we are under a constitutional obligation to keep our finances in a healthy state. With a fiscal deficit last year, and a projected deficit this year and next year, the law and prudent financial management demand that we bring our finances back into the black in the near term. This would also have the added advantage of maintaining our fiscal reserves at the level necessary to help support the Hong Kong Dollar, an indisputable requirement given the events of 1998. 5- Aging population: Hong Kong has an aging population; this has put an increasing pressure on the social security system and the infrastructure. This has made the secretary of the treasury to state: The directions indicate that the continuation of current revenue and expenditure policy is not an option Considered that introducing general consumption tax is the most suitable for Hong Kong? In order to see if the general consumption tax is the most suitable tax or not we have to evaluate all Hong Kong tax options. Tax Options for Hong Kong: 1- Reduce Personal Allowance: Hong Kong tax systems is one of the most generous tax systems in the world, as we have said earlier fewer than 40% of the work force pay taxes, some tax experts are suggesting the government reducing its tax free income allowance in order to increase tax collection revenues, experts say that a reduction in the basic allowance of 10% will raise about $2bn revenue, even if Hong Kong decided to reduce the personal allowance by 50% this will raise 90% of its traditional revenue from the existing tax base is simply contributing more revenue, this options will not be suitable to Hong Kong because it does not broaden the tax base, this option will increase the weight of salaries tax in the overall tax collection, KPMG Tax base study. 2- Expand the Existing Tax Base via imposing capital gains tax: this option is not considered the best option because it will affect investment decisions negatively and lead to capital outflow from the country and make the country lose its competitive advantage. Imposing capital gains tax may cause job losses and that will make the tax collection from salaries substantially less, so the gains from imposing capital gains tax will be offset by loss of tax from loss of income and salaries taxes. Imposing taxes on dividends may not lead to desirable results. 3- Increase corporate taxes: Increasing corporate taxes is one of the main issues that the government of Hong Kong is discussing, most of the analyst believe that this is not an option because increasing the corporate tax will simply cause damage to the position of Hong Kong in the global market, analysts think that there is a global trend to reduce corporate tax in all over the world. Analysts think that countries are in competition with each other to provide facilities and tax concessions to corporations. If Hong Kong increased its corporate tax, it would be very easy for corporations to shift their headquarters to somewhere else in the world. According to Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants the government of Hong Kong is suggesting giving more corporate tax concessions to corporations in the following three areas: A- Full profits tax exemption to regional headquarters/offices in Hong Kong in respect of management consultancy income Derived by the Hong Kong entity from associated entities Overseas. B- Exemption of interest income received by regional offices from Loans made in Hong Kong to their overseas associates. C- Group relief. D- Loss incurred in the current year of assessment should be permitted to be offset against the assessable profits of one previous year. 3- Introduce New Taxes: introducing new taxes (apart from VAT/GST) could an innovative solution to Hong Kong’s structural fiscal deficit. In fact, there is no limit to the number of taxes that a government could impose in order to provide suitable macroeconomic environment for development. For example, Hong Kong could introduce environmental taxes in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from cars and factories, we all know that developed countries contribute significantly to the increasing stock of greenhouse gas emissions that causes global warming. Because Hong Kong has very busy airports and sea ports, Hong Kong could impose new taxes on land and sea departures. Experts advise the government to outsource the activities that it does not usually do efficiently, outsourcing will help the government reduce the deficit that is caused by inefficient use of resources. Experts did not only advise the government to introduce new taxes but also to abolish some taxes. For example, abolishing taxes on alcohol beverages in order to encourage wine tourism Experts think that applying this option will not solve Hong Kong’s structural deficit problem completely for the simple fact that Hong Kong has a reputation that it is a low tax country and if the government imposed taxes on several economic activities, Hong Kong reputation will be affected and this may have a damaging effect on the position of Hong Kong in the financial and business world. What experts are trying to say that Hong Kong government should introduce new taxes and abolish old taxes in order to keep the current balance of taxes and respond to the modern needs of the society (such as environmental taxes). 4- Broad-Based tax on general consumption: this could be VAT (Value Added Tax), GST (Goods and Services Tax) or Sales Tax. Kong’s structural deficit problems. Government says that a 3% GST will yield about $18bn which stands for 1.5% of GDP. Analysts recognize that GST is a powerful solution to Hong Kong’s Problem, 3% GST is capable of solving the problem, and in addition to that, 3% GST is in line with international standards. This tax is not only capable of covering the government expenditures but also capable of broadening the tax base since it is imposed on nearly all kinds of consumption. There are few points that the government needs to take in to its account when constructing the VAT/GST: It is recommended that the VAT/GST should be simple; simplicity is the common feature of Hong Kong tax system and keeping the proposed VAT/GST simple is consistent with the rest of the tax system. It is recommended that the VAT/GST should be comprehensive; in other words, it should include most goods and services in the economy, making the VAT/GST comprehensive will guarantee stable revenue to the government and will prevent further increases in the rate of VAT/GST. Stability: it is advised that the rate of the VAT should stay constant for 5-10 years to come, stability in the tax rate is very important in creating stable consumption and investment decisions, consumers will base their consumption decisions upon the prices of products and s

My Mom is the Perfect Role Model Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay ab

"Children have never been very good at listening to their elders, but they have never failed to imitate them." ---― James Baldwin To write about my role models, I could have picked teachers, I could have picked people extremely influential in their field, and I could have picked models and other aesthetically pleasing individuals. But instead, I found the perfect combination of all three: my mother. There isn't one person on this earth more educational, more competent, and more aesthetically pleasing than my mother. And there isn't one person on this earth that can re-direct my role model focus from her. My mother has suffered parental loss, the threat of cancer and what might be one of the hardest things to do, raising two girls. At this stage in her life, my mother is a highly respected woman in the Psychology world, a highly respected woman in the Catholic Church, and a highly respected woman in my family. She's held us together in times... ... in Monopoly and make unfair candy trades at Halloween. I'm still the world-class flutist, playing in my room for hours at a time, tirelessly. She always finds time to go to my concerts and recitals. But I'm so much more now. I'm a young adult. Soon to be a college student. I've transcended that "reprimand and scold" stage to the "friend and daughter" stage. My mother is my life and my soul, someone that will always be a part of me, no matter how old this little bunny gets.

Life on the planet Essay

Water is a vital element for the survival of life on the planet. In human beings, water comprises fifty to seventy percent of an adult’s body weight. In humans the abstinence from water results in death in a few days. Water is lost from the human body loses due to urination, sweating and respiration. The body’s water content has to be maintained by regular intake of water and people who fail to consume sufficient water become dehydrated. They develop headaches, tiredness and loss of concentration. Persistent dehydration results in serious health problems such as constipation and gall bladder stones (Hicks, 2005). The human body gets water from water in the pure form and beverages, solid foods such as fruits and vegetables and through the chemical processes in the body. According to the British Dietetic Association, an average adult must consume at least two and half liters of water per day. Of this, nearly two liters should be through beverages. During summer the intake of water has to be increased. Physical activities also require the consumption of more water. It is the major ingredient of all juices and carbonated drinks contain sixty five percent, diluted squashes eighty six percent and fruit juices ninety percent water. However, drinking plain water is the most effective means of compensating for depleted body fluids (Hicks, 2005). Water is the chief element of human body and its essential nutrient. In fact, a human being can survive without food for a considerable period of time but cannot survive for more than a week without water. Water is essential for breathing as it bedews oxygen and supplies it to every cell in the body. Water makes the skin more shiny and supple. It controls the body temperature and discards toxins and other waste material from the body. It distributes important nutrients throughout the body and helps in removing waste materials from the kidneys and the large intestine. The digestive mechanism is enhanced by water and it is essential for the development and maintenance of good muscle tone. It protects and cushions vital organs and acts like a lubricant for the joints by contributing to the special fluids which protect bones from friction and erosion. Water increases the activity of the brain and improves mental quickness in reflex responses (Dr. Susan Kleiner Ph. D. ). Water is a vital nutrient which contributes to every function of the body. It acts as a vehicle in transporting essential nutrients to the cells and waste material out of them. Water is necessary for the functions of digestion, absorption, circulation and excretion and for the absorption of water – soluble vitamins. It is essential for regulating the body temperature (Functions of Water in the Human Body). The water in saliva allows foods to slide smoothly down the esophagus and the watery fluids dissolve enzymes, hormones and coenzymes. Water acts as a solvent for waste materials like urea, carbon dioxide and other electrolytes in the body. It plays a major role in Hydrolysis in which water molecules divide into hydrogen H+ and hydroxyl OH- ions. This chemical process forms the basis for the reaction of substances in the human body. For instance, sucrose is hydrolyzed into fructose and glucose. Moreover, water serves as a catalyst in intercellular reactions and maintains the electrolyte balance in the body (Water in the Body). Insufficient water results in dehydration, formation of kidney stones and particularly in women, urinary tract infections. Its scarcity affects physical and mental performance and the function of the salivary glands. Dehydration causes kidney function disorders, harmful changes in hormonal levels, chronic illness and limited mobility (Dehydration). Electrolytes are obtained from food and are absorbed in the intestines. The kidneys maintain the required electrolyte levels in the body. These electrolyte levels are affected by diseases and dehydration. Potassium, the chief cation in the intracellular fluid, plays an important role in activating enzymes and processing and retaining carbohydrates. It acts as medium for transmitting nerve impulses to the heart and skeletal muscles. Its deficiency leads to major health problems. Its depletion is caused by the use of diuretics like thiazides that are used in the treatment of hypertension and heart ailments, excessive perspiration, repeated enemas, trauma, diabetes, diseases of the intestinal tract and disease of the kidney due to the use of tetracycline and excessive intake of licorice. The loss of potassium causes weak pulse, faint heart sounds, low blood pressure and fatigue. Loss of large amounts of potassium results in death (Hecht, 1986). Magnesium is another electrolyte that is present in the intracellular fluid. It helps in muscle contraction, nerve transmission and acts as catalyst for enzymes. Deficiency of magnesium results from an improper diet, diarrhea, steatorrhea, alcoholism, diabetes, pancreatitis, damage of kidneys and diuretics. Functional disorder of kidneys raises the magnesium levels of the body and persons with kidney ailments have to avoid laxatives and antacids, which contain magnesium. This is due to the fact that excessive levels of magnesium lead to depressed reflexes, paralysis of muscles and decreased respiration (Hecht, 1986). Sodium is another important cation in the extracellular fluids, whose main function is to maintain the body’s fluid balances. Low sodium body levels result from dehydration, sweating, the use of diuretics and diarrhea, which result in muscular weakness, anxiety and convulsions. Inadequate water intake and malfunction of the kidneys increases the sodium concentration. Depletion of sodium levels in the body result in dry mucous membranes, flushed skin, rise in body temperature, dry eyes and un – sated thirst (Hecht, 1986). Chloride is the major anion of the extracellular fluid. It is important for muscle contraction, balancing the fluid levels in the cells and maintaining the acid – base balance of extracellular fluid. In order to prevent the accumulation of bicarbonate, there should be a sufficient supply of chloride ions (Hecht, 1986). Calcium is present in the extracellular fluid and is important for nerve impulse transmission, contraction of muscles and the clotting of blood. It mainly exists in the body in the non – ionized state in the bones and the teeth. Pancreatitis, chronic kidney disorders and the surgical removal of the parathyroid tissue decrease the ionized calcium levels. Insufficient calcium levels cause abdominal and muscle cramps, tingling of the finger tips, numbness and overactive reflexes. Excessive calcium levels in the body cause a significant loss of appetite, nausea, weight loss, kidney stones and body pains (Hecht, 1986). Alcohol induces water loss by suppressing the production of the anti – diuretic hormone vasopressin, which works on kidneys to concentrate urine by increasing the reabsorption of water and electrolytes into the body. Suppression of this hormone results in the increased loss of body fluid through urination leading to dehydration. Alcohol – induced loss of water also results in the loss of magnesium, potassium, calcium and zinc, which are essential for maintaining the fluid balance of the body and muscular activity. Researchers in the UK studied the effect of alcohol on hydration and electrolyte balance after exercise – induced dehydration. They found that the volume of urine produced in the consequent six hours of rehydration had increased on par with the intake of alcohol. However, the rate of increase of the blood plasma during rehydration was considerably slower (Hamilton). Coffee and tea are rich in caffeine or trimethyl xanthine. Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system. It blocks the binding of adenosine with the nerve cells, which enhances nerve activity and leads to the release of epinephrine. It also increases the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine. The ergogenic properties of caffeine promote lesser muscle activity by reducing glycogen thereby allowing more calcium into muscle cells, which would enhance the power of muscle activity. Caffeine is a diuretic and in higher doses results in heavy water loss through urination. It also increases the blood flow to the kidneys and reduces the reabsorption of sodium by the body (Hamilton). Dehydration is prevented by drinking eight glasses of water per day and abstaining from caffeinated drinks and alcoholic beverages. The common cause of dehydration is due to the loss of fluids from body as a result of gastrointestinal ailments, diarrhea and vomiting. In order to compensate for the lost fluids large amounts of water and fruit juices have to be consumed. Wearing loose fitting clothes keeps the body cool and prevents sweating. Those who participate in sports, have to drink water and fruit juices at regular intervals. Moreover, people should avoid the consumption of coffee, tea and other caffeinated beverages, because they act like diuretics (Gavin, 2006). In the absence of adequate hydration, true health remains a chimera. The minimum daily intake of water has been stated to be half as many ounces as there are pounds in one’s body weight. The reason for this is that in order to function properly and optimally, every organ in the body requires water to a major extent. A human being’s body consists mostly of water and in its absence life is not possible. References Dehydration. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 30, 2007, from http://www. betterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Water_a_vital_nutrient? open Dr. Susan Kleiner Ph. D. , R. (n. d. ). Health & Hydration . Retrieved June 30, 2007, from http://www. calistogawater. com/health/ Functions of Water in the Human Body. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 30, 2007, from http://www. resultsproject. net/water_functions. html Gavin, M. L. (2006, January). Dehydration. Retrieved June 30, 2007, from http://www. kidshealth. org/teen/safety/first_aid/dehydration. html Hamilton, A. (n. d. ). Caffeine dehydration : Caffeine and alcohol – just how dehydrating are they? Retrieved June 30, 2007, from http://www. pponline. co. uk/encyc/caffeine-dehydration. htm Hecht, A. (1986, January 1). ELECTROLYTES. Retrieved June 30, 2007, from Electrolytes; the charge in the body’s power system. : http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G1-4293240. html Hicks, R. (2005, September). Why do we need water? Retrieved June 30, 2007, from bbc. co. uk: http://www. bbc. co. uk/health/healthy_living/nutrition/drinks_water. shtml Water in the Body. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 30, 2007, from http://www. dehlgroup. com/wbody. html

Response to Peter Singer’s Speech

Peter Singer’s speech on a solution to world poverty made a lot of good points concerning how to help those in need. He states that most people can afford to help starving children and that people are turning their backs on the needy. Where he fails though, is in actually providing a solution that will hold up over time. His focus on guilting those more fortunate into action and then guiding them to give $200 is no solution, but a call to give to those less fortunate instead of fixing the problem for good. In his speech he gives examples to try to guilt those listening into giving charitably. He sites a book by NYU philosopher Peter Unger, titled, â€Å"Living High and Letting Die†. He goes on to paraphrase an example from the book that he thinks gives a great example towards American’s lack of charitable giving. His example is about a man named Bob who is nearly retired and has invested most of his savings into a rare and valuable old car. He has a lot of pride in the car and he enjoys taking care of it. He also enjoys that its rising value means he will always be able to sell it and live comfortably. He is out one day for a drive one day and park the car along some railroad tracks and goes for a walk along the tracks. As he is walking he sees that a runaway train with no one aboard is headed for a small child farther down the track. The child is too far to warn of the danger and will be killed unless Bob throws a switch to put the train on the siding where his beloved car is parked. Throwing the switch will destroy his car and therefore his long time investment. Thinking of his joy in owning the car and the financial security it represents, Bob decides not to throw the switch and the child is killed. He uses this example comparatively to how the average American reacts to charitable giving. He labels them as cruel people who choose their own livelihood over the lives of dying children, which is unfair. Commonly, those not giving are not looking into the eyes of a dying child but rather into a scary world where finances are always unsettling. In my personal experience guilting someone into doing something is the worst way to evoke passion for action. Forcing someone to do something is not nearly as effective as creating a want to do something. Over time guilt tripping makes the action lose steam while making someone want to do something can create a passion that lasts for a long time. Let me follow Singers lead here and provide an example. Suppose that you would like to have your friend go to a new sushi restaurant with you. Would it be smarter to guilt him into going by using something against him to make him go, or would it be smarter to talk about how good the atmosphere and food is? Obviously it is much smarter to talk up the restaurant instead of sending your friend on a guilt trip. The guilt trip may only make your friend go once but making the friend want to go will result in many visits to the restaurant. Creating a passion is the best way to call people to action and singer failed to do this. Instead, he should have used a more indirect method like talking about the benefits and contentedness that one can receive from charitable donation and selling them on the concept Another spot where his speech falls short is in providing a plausible solution to world poverty. Having everyone with disposable income give $200 to help feed hungry children solves none of the problems having to do with poor villages not being able to support their people. In the article, â€Å"We can end global poverty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the author describes a plan laid out by David Cameron that includes over 10 steps to end global poverty by 2030. Including such ideas as going green, going for growth, good government, and global partnership. The final report comes after 8 months of consultation with more than 5,000 public groups across 120 different countries. Citizens, governments, businesses, local charities, community groups and development experts all had a chance to contribute their ideas. This type of initiative is what it takes to create a true end to world poverty, not just simply pleading that people give $200 to charity. I feel as if Singer never really thought to develop his idea thoroughly and just wanted something quick that he could easily get people to support. This is where his ethos breaks down. He no longer seems to be a person worth speaking to about the subject, but rather someone who wants a problem solved but doesn’t want to put in effort to come up with a real solution. After analyzing his speech thoroughly I feel that Singer has a lot of passion for what he speaks about but fails to come up with real plausible solutions to the problems he is addressing. Singer may believe he has World Poverty all figured out but there are a few points he’s not thinking about. He used emotional stories about dying children to guilt his listeners into giving money. Though, Peter Singer makes a valid point that we should be helping children in need, what happens when everyone stops blowing their money on luxury items? In his speech he says, â€Å"The formula is simple: whatever money you're spending on luxuries, not necessities, should be given away. † If we were to spend only money on necessities and donate the rest it would, in turn, cause economic distress. Jobs will begin to slowly deplete from our own economy here in America. Manufacturing jobs such as, furniture, computers, televisions, housing, retail, and many more would disappear. The sad fact of the matter is that poverty is a necessity and just like with all things you have to take the good with the bad.

Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essays

Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essays Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essay Role Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities Essay Ethiopia is a country covered by 60% in Pastoral areas and around 15% of the total population living in pastoral areas and also 95% of the total livestock population were living in pastoral areas. People living in pastoral areas have a limited access in to the human health, and education services, pastoral areas have very poor communications also lack the basic services in addition, the pastoral communities livelihoods are harshly endangered by livestock illness, drought and adverse conditions of trade (PICP, 2002). Shinile Zone is located south eastern part of the Ethiopian countryamd one of the nine governmental zones of Somali Regional State. It occurs the northern part Somali of the Region, it borders with Somalia (Somaliland) on the southern, Djiboutiin the north eastern , Oromia and Dire dawa on the south Jijiga Zone on the southeast, and Afar Region on the west. The population of the zones livelihoods are mainly depends on livestock and livestock’s product. There is also a important quantity of trade activity and there is also a little amount of crop production in the southern part – n livestock and imported goods The Pastoral population of the zone covers the largest area in shinile zone , which is the total population of zone is around 85% . In shinile district pastoral community is about 90% of the population; The rest of the population are mostly occupied in Agro pastoralism. while a small minority (less than 5%) are involved in business activities in town or commercial centres. Pastoralists in Shinile district were affected constantly by recurrent drought for last two decades. These recurrent droughts pose a severe challenge on livestock rearing activities: the main livelihood of the pastoral communities was depending on the livestock and livestock products. The droughts caused the decrease of livestock and live death which in turn negatively affected the incomes from the livestock. As a result, pastoral mens were not fulfill their role as a household provider from livestock rearing, whereas the pastoralist women cover most of the activities the to accomplish both role men and women to generate the income of the household and also giving food and family needs . lthough, women are the back bone of family involvement In income generating activities in arrange to make extra revenue for the household, it is not well defined what is the degree of the women participation in such income earning activity affects the role of women and responsibilities in the pastoralist livelihood system. This research studies will design to recognize how women’s participati on in income Generating activities affects responsibilities and gender roles in Shinile district. 2. Critical Review Methodologies Messay Tegegne(2012) is the author of research paper titled by An Assessment on the Role of Women in Agriculture in Southern Nation Nationality People’s Region: The Case Of Halaba Special Woreda, Ethiopia. This researcher was use the following methods and collection and data analysis in his research The research question of the researcher was 1. What do women and men do in agricultural activities and when, where, and when activities take place? 2. Who has access to control over resource and decision making in agricultural activities? 3. What is the socio-economic factors that hinder the role of women in agricultural activities? . what is the role women in agriculture activities ? The researcher’s method of the data collection was gathered by the primary sources and secondary sources. The primary data was gathered exactly from the target respondents using questionnaires and interviews and group discussion with focus groups. Secondary data was collected through review of related literatures the main data collection tools used was interview schedule from the community and the grass root level leader it was contained close ended questions, some open ended and structured questions also used. nd analyzed by the SPSS Software, The research article of the Elizabeth Tesfaye Haile(2008) which is titled by: Gender Role and Pastoralist Women’s Involvement In Income Generating ActivitiesThe Case of Women Firewood Sellers in Shinile District, Somali Region, Ethiopia. She has been used her research on the following procedures The set of her research questions was 1, what is the impact of women’s involvement in firewood sales as an income Generating activity on gender roles and responsibilities among pastoralists in 2. What are the effects of pastoral women in income generating activies on gender role? 3. What are the task of the pastoral men and women in shinile district? 4. What is the gender responsibility in pastoralist in shinile district? The Method of data collection Both primary and secondary data’s were utilized in this research paper primary data was gathered tools such as semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions, and observation were employed. Secondary data also reviewed with the related literature topics such as books and journals. And it was analyzed by the qualitative analysis. Marco Rangil Escribano is also other author research paper titled by: Participation of rural women in income generating activities (iga): constraints and opportunities. The case of lay gayint district (amhara region, ethiopia). The researcher was followed the following steps in his research RESEARCH Question What are constraints and opportunities that are faced to engage in income generating activities Lay Gayintdistrict ? Method of data collection The data was collected by using tools of Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA): interviews with key informants, mapping, transect walks. Focus group discussion and data was analyzed T-test, Chi-square test, Logit Model and qualitative method of the data analysis. Eneyew and Mengistu (2013): Double Marginalized Livelihoods: Invisible Gender Inequality in Pastoral Societies The main research question of the researcher were What are the causes of gender inequality in (agro-) pastoral societies? What is the extent of gender inequality in terms of selected socio-economic variables The methodologies of their data collection and analysis used was the Primary data collection were followed by the Harvard gender analysis framework and analyzed by Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, and chi square test were used Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. NKHONJERA(2011): is the author paper The Role Of Women’s Empowerment On Agricultural Development In Malawi Research question of the paper is 1. What is the importance of the women participation in agricultural development? Under this question there are many sub question addressed in this research such as 2. What are the barriers to women participation in agricultural development? 3. Is the national policy restrain or promote women’s participation in agriculture? This research paper is used in secondary data adequately utilized the literature that are already available Relevant sources from, academic literature, articles, journals reports, conventions policy documents, and laws were reviewed by critically assessing the diverse issues that are in line with women’s participation. The paper does not have a primary data flied observation and it was simply used by generalization of the secondary datas obtained by reviewing different topics relate to his research topic. MOHAMMED A. the title of the study was: The Role of Microfinance in Strengthening Pastoral Household Food Security Research questions 1. What are the roles of micro finance in food insecure household and impact of their income generation? 2. What is the role of women controlled income sources? Method of data collection and analysis Primary data collection was used by interview, questionaire and structured and semi structured methods. The data gathered from the was analyzed and presented in the different fomrs. Such tabulat form,graphics,percentage and figures form . besides to this, it was analyzed using mean,mode and measures of central tendencies and dispersions with the help of the â€Å"Statistical Program for Social Sciences† SPSS software. 3. Objective of the Research Proposal The main objective of the paper is to classify the role of pastoral women’s involvement in incone generating activities and propose the feasible convenient pastoral womenprograms, and to show the top level managements and decision and policy maker at the Woreda and region,to tackle the problem therefore they may take advice and include strategies in the rural development planning the Specific objectives are:- * To assess the degree nd way of the pastoral women’s are generating income at househol level * To know the way of the pastoral women are supporting their families * To identify the income generating activity on pastoral gender roles and responsibilities. * To the extents of the women has acess to resource over the control in household level 4. Research Question 1. What are the roles of pastoral women in income generating activities at household level? 2. What is the effect pastoral women’s involvement in income generating activities in gender role? 3. Who has acees to control over resource and decision making in household level? .. METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH In this research proposal detail description of the study area and method of the study approach, source of the data collection and data anlysises. Description of the study area The study will be conduct in shinile wareda of the Somali regional state shinile is the one of the six eight wareda of the Somali region it is located in northern part of the region it is bounded hadhigala district , the western part in dire dawa eastern part in dhambal district and the western part I oromia. Research strategy The study will be both qualitative and quantitave method data collection. he primary data will be conduct directly from respondents using simple questionnaires, case study and group discussion with focus groups. Secondary data will be collect through theories and review of related literatures such as articles,journals,books and internets. Quantitative m ethod Quantitative research is data obtained on field by using structured questionnaire, interview, that are designed and it will include different topicwhich is related in the role of the women in income generating activities. Some basic information will be collect from the respondents such s demographic and socio-economic situation pf the pastoral women and any necessary things. Qualitative method In this method of redearch is mostly concentrated on the role of women in income generating activities in the research area. The data will gather through focus group discussions and interviews by using interview and discussion guides. Secondary data will be gather from reviewing related literature and Sectoral offirces such as Woreda Agriculture office, microfinance office, Women’s Affairs The discussion will undertake to collect information from relevant bodies Involving on actual implementation of the role of women. Sampling Techniques After identification of the primary data collection tools which is interviews ,focused group discussions, semi-structured and observation will employ and randomly sampling will be select the case study with four focus group discussion will held . each of the group will will ten in numbers to carry out gender study as a means to identify the role of pastoral women In income generating activities, access and control. It will carry out the discussion for men and women separately in order to allow women to speak freely. The data also will arrange and give coding make easier analysis and finally thr write up will be done. Method of the data analysis Qualitative and quantitative raw datas collecred from the field will arranged by using coding and process based on the research questions of the methodological research the gathered data will arrange and it will give codes and process to analyze by using simple Descriptive statistical analysis such as mean, mode, standard direferent statistic tools such as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. And finally interpretation will be done after the entry and analysis. 6. Refferences An Assessment On The Role Of Women In Agriculture In Southern Nation Nationality People’s Region: The Case Of Halaba Special Woreda, Ethiopia available at http://cgspace. cgiar. org/bitstream/handle/10568/29021/Thesis_MessayTegegne. pdf? sequence=1accessed 27/7/2013 Double Marginalized Livelihoods: Invisible Gender Inequalityin Pastoral Societies Adugna Eneyew 1,* and Sileshi 2 Mengistu available athttp://edepot. wur. nl/969 accessed 27/7/2013, Gender Role and Pastoralist Women’s Involvement In Income Generating Activities The Case of Women Firewood Sellers in Shinile District, Somali Region, Ethiopia available at http://edepot. ur. nl/969 accessed 26/7/2013. Participation of rural women in income generating activities (iga): constraints and opportunities. The case of lay gayint district (amhara region, ethiopia). Available at dppc. gov. et/downloadable/reports/Early_warning/DRR%20DAY-2012/PARTICIPATION%20OF%20RURAL%20WOMEN%20IN%20INCOME%20GENERATING%20ACTIVITIES. pdf a ccessed 26/7/2013 The Role Of Women’s Empowerment On Agricultural Development In Malawi available athttp://search. babylon. com/? q=Household+food+security+and+women%27s+pivotal+role+in+the+context+to+market+oriented+agricultural+devt. amp;babsrc=HP_ssamp;s=webamp;rlz=0amp;as=0amp;ac=0 accessed 12/7/2013 The title of the study was: The Role of Microfinance in Strengthening Pastoral Household Food Securityavialable at pcdp. gov. et/Docs/Research/PCDP%20publications%20and%20research%20reports/The%20Role%20of%20Microfinance%20in%20food%20security%20of%20pastoral%20household. pdf aceesed 28/7/3024 Annex1 University of Greenwich Questionnaire on The Role of Pastoral Women in Income Generating Activities: The Case Shinile District Somali Region, Ethiopia. Name of the interviewer: ____________________Date of interview: ________________ Name your of Kebele: ________________________Questionnaire: ___________________ I. Personal information 1. Name of the respondent:__________________________ 2. Age-_________________ 3. Sex: Male Female 4. Marital status: MarriedSingle Divorced Widowed 5. Religion: MuslimOrthodox CatholicProtestant Others (Specify):_____________ 6. Your Educational background No education Primary education Secondary other Religious education 7. Do you have children and if yes _____ . 1 how many____________ 8. Total household members:___________________ 9. What is the age and sex structure of your households Age | Male | Female | Total | lt;5 years| | | | 5-15 years| | | | 16-30 years | | | | 31-45 years| | | | 46-65 years| | | | gt;65 years| | | | | | | | 10. what is your Employment status Unemployed Professional/non manual Manual (skilled/unskilled) business - - 11. what is your main source of income? 1. 2The women†™s contribution to household expenditure None/almost none Less than half About half More than half All 13. list the main activities done the women as a an income generating activities? a. ___________________ b,__________________________ c ________________________ d. ________________________ e. ____________________ II. Household property possession and wealth 14, how many livestock you owned ? _______________________ 15. How many livestock do you have? ___________ 15. How did you obtain these animals? 1. by legacy 2. through marriage 3. through gift of our relatives 4. Other means 16. who has a duties and responsibities of the livestock rearing? ____________________________________________ 17,what is the time to spend for livestock keeping and rearing in per day? ________________________________________ 18. do you do any other activities rather than livestockkeeping ? if yes what kind of activity ? what do you get ? __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 18. How is your participation in decision making on income expenditure? 1/ I always decide on my own 2/ I am involved in decision making 3/ I get information only after decision is made by my husband 4/ I sometimes decide by my own and my husband decide on his own at other time 5/ I have equal say on income expenditure 19. Are there any incidences that you overtake women’s assigned duties in livestock Production or domestic tasks after women’s engagement in the income generating? 20. In general, what changes have you experienced in your livelihood as a result of women’s involvement in firewood sales? VI. Guideline for Focus group session with women pastoralists This question are a group discussion questionnaires that are designed by a group of people . which are mixed both men and women with equal in a members it contains four groups each focus group discussion contains ten members which is five men and five in women and it will asks same question in each of the team member members with equal opportunity discussion will be separated in men and women in order to allow womens to participate freely without feeling fear from their mens because culture and religion are imiting the womens participation in such discussions . this focus group discussions will give more attension or enphasises on women because of women’s income generating activities in pastoral areas were yet not defined . more of this questions were deigned to know the extent of the pastoral women are participating the income generation. What are the jobs and actions of pastoralists in livestock production, domest ic Reproduction and community work? -how many houra are spend womens for income generating activities per day? What are ways of the women managing the selling activities inlivestock production and domestic reproduction in given day? * How the pastoral womens share their dailly activities in domesticor reproduction or production in your areas? -To what intra-household resources (Livestock, land, money etc) those pastoralist men and women have access? * What is the ways of the pastoral womens involvement in the income generating activities? * Can Pastorals womens are use or buy livestock to get un income generating activities ? f yes whygt; * Do the women are spend their income from the income generating activities I n other resources /non animals household resources like food,clothes ,houde utility. etc? if yes why? * To what degree womens acces to control their income from income generating activities selling? * Does women income generating activities helps their family ? if yes what extent ? what extents women’s control their income over resource? * In conclusion,what is happened whe n women involvements occurred in the gender activities or access to control over resource? Are it is improved or deteriorated†

Road Clears for Calcium Chlori essays

Road Clears for Calcium Chlori essays Calcium chloride is used for such things as dust control, road deicing, and to assist in oil and gas drilling. It is easily manufactured for a variety of sources; underground brines in Michigan, a by-product of hydrochloric acid streams, and soda ash can harbor calcium chloride. For years the market was supplied by three major manufactures- Dow Chemical, General Chemical, and Tetra Technologies- all of which produce such a high-volume that it creates oversupply and poor prices. These companies already produced roughly 1.5 million tons per year and out of that only about 1 million tons are used. In 1995, Ambar Incorporated decided that they were going to enter the calcium chloride market. They spent over $60 million on supplies and opened behind schedule in 1997. Then North America experienced the warm and low precipitation winters in 1999 and 2000, there was an incredibly low demand for calcium chloride and the company failed. The loss has not been felt by the other companies yet, for the production level this year was low. There have also been cutbacks which are reducing the amount of calcium chloride produced from hydrochloric acid. This is not good for the makers of calcium chloride, for higher prices would hurt the amount they can put into their feedstock. Also Shell Chemicals which supplies Tetra with their by-product stream is working on making that stream more acidic so it can be sold more as acid, a market where there is more money available. Tetra is still negotiating to stay on the site, but are not worried for their other facilities could support the needed output. General Chemical, bases their calcium chloride operation in the largest facility in North America, there they coproduce soda ash and calcium chloride. Although many facilities used to dot across North America, when natural soda ash was found in the 1940s in Wyoming the price was so low that competitors ...

Find Your Dream Partner With Quotes About Finding Love

Find Your Dream Partner With Quotes About Finding Love It is a jungle out there. Everybody is looking for that elusive one true love. People are willing to try anything from crystal ball gazing to the Ouija board  to land a dream partner. Wouldnt you give anything to find your soul mate? You may have dated a number of people, looking for that perfect combination of qualities that are right for you. You wistfully wonder whether you are going to get a sign from the heavens when you find love. Marriage is, after all, made in heaven, right? So why are the wedding bells not ringing for you yet? True love is so precious that it is said, If you find true love, make sure you learn to keep it. So if you have embarked on a treasure hunt to find the perfect love, the following quotes about finding love should direct you in your quest. Anonymous Quotes No one knows from whose lips these words might have fallen, but they may help you in your quest for the perfect soulmate. If youre feeling discouraged, it helps to remember that youre not alone–and that the right person might be just around the corner. True love is not something that comes every day, follow your heart, it knows the right answer.Its so easy to fall in love but hard to find someone who will catch you.Sometimes the one thing you are looking for is the one thing you cant see.Nothing compares with the finding of true love; because once you do your heart is complete.It is never too late to fall in love.    Classic Quotes The search for love has always been part of the human condition. As a result, poets and writers throughout history have had something to say on the subject. Here are just a few classic quotes. Khalil Gibran And think not you can/Direct the course of love,/For love,/If it finds you worthy,/Directs your course. D. H. Lawrence Those that go searching for love, only manifest their own lovelessness. And the loveless never find love, only the loving find love. And they never have to seek for it. Mark Twain When you fish for love, bait with your heart, not your brain. Contemporary Quotes Todays songwriters and storytellers are still focused on the search for love. Here are few examples of lyrics and quotes to help you on your way. Mignon McLaughlin Love unlocks doors and opens windows that werent even there before.   Helen Rowland Falling in love consists merely in uncorking the imagination and bottling the common sense. Mandy Hale Dont ignore the love you do have in your life by focusing on the love you dont. Charles du Bos Love does not care to define and is never in a hurry to do so. Criss Jami Love may be harder to find in some people, but when they do love you know it must be something marvelous. Timothy Oliveira There are two kinds of sparks, the one that goes off with a hitch like a match, but it burns quickly. The other is the kind that needs time, but when the flame strikes... its eternal, dont forget that. Werner Erhard You dont have to go looking for love when its where you come from. Paulo Coelho Love can only be found through the act of loving. Mandy Hale Hope for love, pray for love, wish for love, dream for love†¦but don’t put your life on hold waiting for love. David Byrne Sometimes its a form of love just to talk to somebody that you have nothing in common with and still be fascinated by their presence. Albert Ellis The art of love... is largely the art of persistence. Peter Morville What we find changes who we become. Carl Ewald Take spring when it comes and rejoice. Take happiness when it comes and rejoice. Take love when it comes and rejoice. Jodi Picoult Love is not an equation, it is not a contract, and it is not a happy ending. Love is the slate under the chalk, the ground that buildings rise, and the oxygen in the air. It is the place you come back to, no matter where youre headed. Ryan Erickson The road to finding the one is paved with a bit of promiscuity. Nicholas Sparks How far should a person go in the name of true love? Robert Mitchum Maybe love is like luck. You have to go all the way to find it. Loretta Young Love isnt something you find. Love is something that finds you. Tom Robbins We waste time looking for the perfect lover, instead of creating the perfect love.

Characteristics of Multicultural Organization Research Paper

Characteristics of Multicultural Organization - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that globalization has resulted in integration of people from different cultures in the society and workplace. In the contemporary world, diverse workforce characterizes organizations. A multicultural organization comprises and accommodates employees from varying cultural backgrounds, religious affiliations, gender backgrounds, ethnic groups, and racial groupings. A multicultural organization comprises of individuals with varying backgrounds, experiences, and cultures. Therefore, problems are likely to emerge as the individuals attempt to adapt to each other. However, appropriate management of the multicultural workforce can create opportunities and enable the organization to operate competitively in the marketplace. Therefore, multiculturalism has the potential of causing disasters or opportunities depending on how the management handles the complex issue. For enhanced performance, the organization management should establish an environment that enables the em ployees to exploit their full potential. Therefore, organizations should plan on how to manage the diversity and empower the employees to maximize on their productivity. Moreover, the society within which global organizations operate is multicultural. Managing a multicultural workforce can be challenging and draining. However, having such a workforce presents some opportunities that an organization can use to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors. This is because people from different culture have varying values and beliefs. ... Although managing a multicultural workforce can be challenging, such a workforce adds value to an organization. The benefits that arise from multiculturalism have encouraged organization to attract employees from different religious affiliations, culture, gender, races, and ethnic groups. For multinational companies, resistance often characterizes expansion of business operation into different regions. However, companies with a multicultural workforce are able to gain acceptance faster. This enables it to establish rapidly and become competitive. To be able to obtain a multicultural workforce, the organization must be able to create an appropriate environment that attracts diverse individuals (Laytras & Ordycez, 2008; Trefry, Sept 2006). Political favors drive organizational multiculturalism since multicultural organization gain acceptance from the government easily. This encourages organizations, especially international ones to bring together a workforce from different nationalitie s and cultures. Other than political favors, multicultural organizations are able to avoid cases of ligations while operating in foreign countries. Therefore, organizations operating across different countries often employ individuals from different culture to meet the legal demands of a country. This is because some countries require foreign companies to employ a certain percentage of local people. Moreover, some organizations are under legislative mandates that prohibit any form of discrimination in the hiring process. Such organizations are likely to lose contracts if they fail to embrace multiculturalism (Mazur, November 2010). Another factor that drives organizations to employ a multicultural workforce is the

Industrial Growth and Competiton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Industrial Growth and Competiton - Essay Example According to Perloff (2012) Pigouvian tax can be described as a corrective measure undertaken by state or a body with authority usually inform of imposing tax to restore or limit any inefficient market activities. Taxation is applied on a firm that produces negative externality to other firm or the well-being of the entire community. The aim is to equalise the amount of tax imposed to the negative externality. Let us examine a case of a paint manufacturing firm that pollutes a nearby river using various cost concepts. With the absence of any regulation control measures, the firm can maximise its production activity without thinking of the impact imposed on another firm for example, a boat renting firm to families and individual for recreational purposes. In a typical market analysis, the paint manufacturing firm’s output and price relation can be presented in figure 1 below. In the figure 1 below, there are three main cost concepts: marginal social cost (MSC), marginal private cost (MPC), and Marginal Damage cost. Perloff (2012) defines these costs as follows. The private marginal cost refers to all the direct cost incurred by the firm or producer in creating goods or services. He also defines marginal damage as the additional cost to a firm producing additional unit of a product that impose negative externality on others. Further, he defines social damage cost as the summation of private marginal cost and marginal damage to a producer. This can be illustrated graphically in figure 1 below. Initially, the firm’s output level was at Q0due to absence of any regulation. The firm’s primary focus on this particular market scenario, where there is no any form of regulation on production, focuses on how to maximise production output at any given time. However, the need to reduce pollution leads to introduction of a pigouvian tax to make the firm comply with existing production regulation and be mindful of other

Describe the Opium Wars in China that lead to the Treaty of Nanking Essay

Describe the Opium Wars in China that lead to the Treaty of Nanking. What were the most important factors that lead to the takeover by the West - Essay Example om China, but the monopolies existing among traders in China and unfair tariffs made it difficult for the East India Company to continue trading in silver and it finally resorted to trading opium for tea from China. Opium became very popular in China because during that time, there were difficulties in the economy and people in China were looking for a means of escape. The addictive drug opium provided just such an escape. Opium was prohibited but it was cheap and easy to acquire and the number of addicts kept increasing, at a substantial cost to society. People were trading silver and copper for opium, thus creating further losses to the economy. In the year 1838, Lin Tse-Hsu became the appointee of the Tao-Kuang emperor. Opium addicts were threatened, the drug dealing activities of foreigners were hindered by confiscating stores and demanding that they sign bonds guaranteeing their good conduct and other drug dealers were rounded up. However, all of these efforts did not prove to be a significant deterrent to opium trafficking, as a result of which Lin finally resorted to seizing 20,00 chests of British opium and burning it. This action was the direct cause of the Opium War, since Britain immediately declared war on China in retaliation for this gesture. The Opium War lasted for three years from 1839 to 1842. England was at a distinct advantage due to its superior naval and armed forces and it was able to defeat easily China in 1842. The Treaty of Nanking was formulated after this victory of the British and forced China to agree to several concessions. Firstly, Hong Kong was to be handed over to the British. Secondly, the ports of Foochow, Canton, Amoy, Ningopo and Shanghai were to be opened to foreign businessmen and missionaries. Thirdly, China had to pay 21 million silver dollars to the British. Fourthly, trade tariffs were to be moderated and transit inland fees were to be reduced. Fifthly, foreign officers were to be granted equal status as the Chinese

Evaluating Circle Time as a tool for developing self-esteem in primary Essay

Evaluating Circle Time as a tool for developing self-esteem in primary aged children who suffer with reduced esteem - Essay Example A special thank you goes out to the school administrators and the parents/guardians of the children selected for this important research project. For your professionalism, support, and encouragement, your contribution to this project is what made this study possible to administer. You know who you are. Primary-aged children in todays classroom environment require a significant investment on behalf of the educator in relation to providing a quality-learning environment geared toward satisfying the mandated curriculum demands of the school. However, far beyond the concepts of mathematics, reading literacy or any other rather generic lesson lies the necessity in fostering productive socialisation, both between peers and the educator. In a typical educational facility, moulding and stimulating these relationships can be relatively simple as positive socialisation tends to occur as a natural evolution of children interaction. However, when instructing children with special educational needs, both in the form of physical and mental disabilities, the process of engaging quality social interaction can be a significant undertaking. Children dealing with frustrations stemming from physical or emotional insecurities, especially when paired with children of more advanced developmental capabil ities are often plagued with diminished self-esteem and increased anxiety due to poor (or false) self-assessments of their own inadequacies. As such, developing a positive self-image in these primary-aged children with special educational needs (SEN) must be a primary goal of the contemporary educator As an experienced primary educator, the problems, I have personally encountered within a learning environment in which primary-aged children of various disabilities are paired with children who maintain (at least) average ability, are that some of these

Antibiotic sensitivity Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Antibiotic sensitivity - Lab Report Example The third section contains the results generated from the lab report while the fourth section contains the discussions of the results generated herein. The last section has the conclusion on the overall matters discussed I the entire paper Antibiotic sensitivity is also referred to as the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria to a given antibiotics. Susceptibility tests are conducted, in laboratories, to investigate which antibiotics would be suitable for treating a bacterial infection in question (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2002; Lalitha, Manayani, Priya, Jesudason, Thomas, & Steinhoff, 1997). Various methods have been developed by scientists to help in testing for sensitivity/ susceptibility of bacteria to a given antibiotic. These methods include the CDS method (Murray, 1990), the Stokes method (Hiramatsu, Hanaki, Ino, Yabuta, Oguri, & Tenover, 1997), the E- test method (Lalitha, Manayani, Priya, Jesudason, Thomas, & Steinhoff, 1997), and Agar and Broth method (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002) among others. These methods can be categorized as quantitative methods (Hamilton-Miller & Shah, 2000), qualitative methods (Tait-Kamradt, Davies, Appelbaum, Depardieu, Courvalin, & al., 2000), automated susceptibility tests (Malbruny, Werno, Anderson, Murdoch, & Leclercq., 2004), newer non- automated susceptibility tests (Chu, Afzah-Shah, Huang, Palepou, & Lyon, 2001), and the molecular tests (Kirby, Sader, Walsh, & Jones, 2004). Each of the listed tests above is applicable in either of the two cases of bacterial resistance. Bacteria exhibit two kinds of resistance to antibiotics; these are the intrinsic resistance and the acquired resistance. Intrinsic resistance is a condition whereby the bacteria are naturally resistant to a given antibiotic even before its use. Acquired resistance, on the other hand, is acquired by

Dance Reflection Essay Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dance Reflection Essay - Personal Statement Example Instead of just a series of wiggles and shakes, dance has become, for me, an emotional experience that can be enjoyed on an artistic level. As I approach the end of this class, I will leave having had my viewpoint changed by an instruction on dance that is full of history, amazing athletics, and surprising emotions. Dance has a rich and vibrant history. In fact, even before history was written, people were creating music and expressing their joy, sorrow, spirituality, and pain. As events of life occurred, people would dance to celebrate, to appease their gods, and to announce a call to war. Whether it be with nothing other than a drum, or with the complicated musicality of a full orchestra, dance has been a part of human life throughout its history. Even in today’s life, weddings, schools, some churches, and crowds of people at music events, dance with the joy of the movement in their body. During the period of history that would be most often referred to as primitive, dance was considered a way to express and celebrate the events of life and community. As couples wed, sought to birth children, express their sorrow over death, prayed for a good harvest and release their anger over injustice, primitive cultures would use symbolic gestures accompanied by beats as a means to share those thin gs with each other. The earliest evidence of dance would come from paintings and pieces of art. According to James Redmond, in his book Dance, Dance, and Music, â€Å"many vase paintings are much earlier than the earliest possible dates for the beginning of organized dramatic performances at Athens and may therefore provide testimony to the character of the pre-dramatic activities which were to grow into fifth century tragedy and comedy.†

Antibiotic sensitivity Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Antibiotic sensitivity - Lab Report Example The third section contains the results generated from the lab report while the fourth section contains the discussions of the results generated herein. The last section has the conclusion on the overall matters discussed I the entire paper Antibiotic sensitivity is also referred to as the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria to a given antibiotics. Susceptibility tests are conducted, in laboratories, to investigate which antibiotics would be suitable for treating a bacterial infection in question (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2002; Lalitha, Manayani, Priya, Jesudason, Thomas, & Steinhoff, 1997). Various methods have been developed by scientists to help in testing for sensitivity/ susceptibility of bacteria to a given antibiotic. These methods include the CDS method (Murray, 1990), the Stokes method (Hiramatsu, Hanaki, Ino, Yabuta, Oguri, & Tenover, 1997), the E- test method (Lalitha, Manayani, Priya, Jesudason, Thomas, & Steinhoff, 1997), and Agar and Broth method (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002) among others. These methods can be categorized as quantitative methods (Hamilton-Miller & Shah, 2000), qualitative methods (Tait-Kamradt, Davies, Appelbaum, Depardieu, Courvalin, & al., 2000), automated susceptibility tests (Malbruny, Werno, Anderson, Murdoch, & Leclercq., 2004), newer non- automated susceptibility tests (Chu, Afzah-Shah, Huang, Palepou, & Lyon, 2001), and the molecular tests (Kirby, Sader, Walsh, & Jones, 2004). Each of the listed tests above is applicable in either of the two cases of bacterial resistance. Bacteria exhibit two kinds of resistance to antibiotics; these are the intrinsic resistance and the acquired resistance. Intrinsic resistance is a condition whereby the bacteria are naturally resistant to a given antibiotic even before its use. Acquired resistance, on the other hand, is acquired by

Articles of Confederations Fails Essay Example for Free

Articles of Confederations Fails Essay In order for a country to work to its fullest potential, it needs a great government. This government needs to do three important tasks. It needs to set up laws, enforce the laws, and provide many different services. Also, it needs to make sure it brings everyone together. Finally, if the government has a problem it should be able to be fixed easily. When the 13 colonies had the Articles of Confederation it couldn’t do many of the things it was supposed to do, thus it failed as a government. First, the Articles couldn’t fulfill the purposes of government like it was supposed to. They were supposed to set up many laws to keep the states and the country as a whole in order. They couldn’t do that; so instead the states made up their own rules and followed them. That also caused the states to become more independent. Also, since there were no laws, that means that the government couldn’t enforce any laws. Although, it could provide some services, but that was the only purpose the government could fulfill. Who wants a government that can’t do what it was meant to do? The Articles didn’t fulfill the purposes of government and that is why it failed as a government. Next, a strong a government can bring it’s entire nation together, unlike the Articles of Confederation. Nobody in the states really liked or agreed with the Articles. The 13 different states started making up their own rules and just followed them. This caused separation between the states, which was not good in the least bit. In order to have a good country, it is much better if the government can unite everyone. The Articles of Confederations couldn’t bring it’s nation together, so it failed as a government. Finally, the Articles couldn’t been fixed easily. It took all the 13 states to agree on something to be fixed within the Articles. If one state didn’t want a change it didn’t happen. That means that it would be very hard to fix anything with the government. The Articles could not fix itself for fulfilling the purposes of government or uniting the country. For a country starting out with its first government, they should’ve have known there were probably going to be problems. Usually, the first time you try something it doesn’t work out perfectly. With that, they should have made a way to easily fix the Articles, but they could not. With this huge problem, the United States definitely needed a change of government. The Articles of Confederation could not easily be fixed, a final reason to why it failed as a government. We had the Articles, for many reasons. They could not fulfill the purposes of government under it. Also, we couldn’t bring all the 13 states together as a nation, protect the people of the country, or fix the problems of government with ease. The states needed all of those items to become a great country. Instead, it caused many problems for the people of the states. In conclusion, the Articles of Confederation were overturned for the greater good.

Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Plan at Restaurant

Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Plan at Restaurant INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION (IMC) PLAN Integrated Marketing Communication first germinated in 1980 when many companies came to realize the need for a strategic integration of their promotional tools, instead of keeping them in separate silos. Integrated Marketing Communication is a common-sense approach of looking at communication tool- not as isolated elements that communicate different things to a consumer but as inter-related parts that are jointly go to solving communications problems. IMC includes the various tools like, advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, direct marketing, events, internet etc. IMPOTANCE OF INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION (IMC): It helps the firm or company to cope up with the changes occurs in the market. It helps to improves internal and external communication. It helps to know the customer demands that what type of product is needs to be devoted in what area? It helps company to achieve its objective, vision and mission. It increases the productivity of the organization because management is more focused through it on its competitors. It helps to build teamwork, commitment, esprit de corps and share-of-mind. Encourages consideration of new marketing tactics and media. Abstract on Restaurant Industry The financial rewards and the personal satisfaction associated with having ones own business can be considerable. When the business is one with a high level of social interaction, such as a restaurant, there are personal rewards that move beyond the financial satisfaction that may result. The paper explains that a successful restaurant becomes a part of the community that it serves and can become a focal point of that community. This makes the restaurant business very different from other types of businesses and adds to the personal satisfaction that the owner receives. The paper shows, however, that restaurants also have traditionally low operating margins and are one of the riskier businesses that can be developed. Now for my term paper on the topic Restaurant, I had taken a hypothetical example of company named Reliance. It is assumed that Reliance, One of the biggest conglomerate is entering into the restaurant business in a big way (initially into India). So here is the marketing plan that how the company plans to establish itself into the restaurant industry. For initiating the idea into practical shape, The company had broadly had formulated its stretegy on the basis of time horizon i.e short and long tem. A brief of that is highlighted below: Short Term In the initial phase the company plans to enter in to this business with with opening of the restaurants in 4 metros cities of India i.e Delhi, Ahmadabad, Mumbai and Chennai. Long Term In its long term objective the company plans to come up with a public issue to facilitate finance to establish its restaurants into various important cities and region of India and along with can expand into the foreign countries. Company profile: Reliance The Reliance Group, founded by Dhirubhai H. Ambani (1932-2002), is Indias largest private sector enterprise, with businesses in the energy and materials value chain. Groups annual revenues are in excess of US$ 28 billion. The flagship company, Reliance Industries Limited, is a Fortune Global 500 company and is the largest private sector company in India. Backward vertical integration has been the cornerstone of the evolution and growth of Reliance. Starting with textiles in the late seventies, Reliance pursued a strategy of backward vertical integration in polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics, petrochemicals, petroleum refining and oil and gas exploration and production to be fully integrated along the materials and energy value chain. The Groups activities span exploration and production of oil and gas, petroleum refining and marketing, petrochemicals (polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics and chemicals), textiles, retail and special economic zones. Reliance enjoys global leadership in its businesses, being the largest polyester yarn and fibre producer in the world and among the top five to ten producers in the world in major petrochemical products. Every product before its launching has to make an IMC plan. The IMC planning process begin with a review of the marketing plan. A marketing plan is a written document that details the marketing objectives, strategies and tactics for an organization, product or brand, and guides the marketing efforts. THE IMC PLAN for Reliance Restaurant Situational Analysis: All marketing plan begins with a situational analysis, an assessment of the internal and external environmental factors are to be analyzed which affects the product, brand or organization. There are different points which come under it on the basis of which we will analysis our situation in the market. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH: Brand image:-The main strength of that we can rely upon is the brand awareness of Reliance. No one in the market need to be introduced about the credibility and reliability of this company. It will become easy and boost our new diversified restaurant business. Strategy:-At the initial stage, the company plans to establish their restaurants in four metro cities of India and slowly will penetrate in to other regions and even in the foreign countries too. Customer Service: The company is very particular about the services to be offered to their customers as it is indispensible requirement for restaurant business to grow. WEAKNESS: Dynamic nature of customer: One of the important weakness for the resturant is the prediction of the nature,taste and prefrences of the customer is very difficult. Demographic changes: The another weakness is the demographic factor. The tradition changes and so as the prfrences for the food as we move from place to place OPPORTUNITIES: Potential: There is still huge untapped market in this business and really provide a potential to grow your business. THREATS Competitor: There are lots of excellent players already positioned themselves successfully like Barista, Mc Donalds, KFC. Etc., These will pose a tough competition for Reliance to enter into this business. The Competitive Situation: The restaurant industry is not an easy business to enter into because there are lots of excellent players already positioned themselves successfully but reliance as an excellent brand can really add up its value in this business. The various competitors in this business are highlighted below: Mc Donalds Burger King KFC Pizza Hut Coffee Cafà © Day (CCD) Barista The Promotion Situation: As the company already enjoys an excellent brand name, So this will prosper the marketing initiatives taken to promote its restaurant business. The company will be planning to promote heavily through through television, newspapers, magazines etc. Marketing Objectives: The main objectives of Reliance Restaurants are: To make the companys presence in the Restaurant industry. To look for diversification. To provide excellent facility to the customers and promotes companys goodwill. Customer satisfaction by providing food as per their region and tradition. Excellent service facility. Marketing Strategy: The company will initially be looking to open up their restaurants in the metro cities and then will look to diversify into other cities which is something as per the long term strategy. The marketing communication plan originates from the marketing plan and an integral part of the latter. The IMC objectives are laid down so as to fulfill marketing goals. In the IMC plan we select the right communication tools, integrate them, plans accompanying media and messages, and also allocates the communication budget to various tools. Following are the steps involved in the IMC planning process to be undertaken for Reliance Restaurant: Situational analysis: Like the marketing plan, in this we will also analyses the promotional situation. Following are the some common areas of analysis: Past promotional situation: There are already various competitors in existence in the restaurant industry ( mentioned above). So can analyze the various type of strategies followed by them to position themselves. This will basically involve analyzing the competitors strategy. Product situation: Barista, Coffee cafà © Day, KFC, Mc Donalds etc. are well established players in the restaurant industry and are implementing good strategies to phase out cut throat competition. If we take an example of KFC in India that how they changed their strategy in India to include vegetarian food in their menu as they earlier just served non-vegetarian food. Audience situation: Although there are many companies in this sector but still there is huge untapped market as the statistics depicts that most of the income being spent by the people on India is on food only. Competitive situation: As disclosed above about the extent of competition and had mentioned the various potential players in this industry. So had to analyze it fully. Determine the communication objective: Target Audience General high class people Business Class People Marketing Objectives Make the companys presence felt in the restaurant sector. Attract the business class people Media Strategy The main idea behind all of the integrated marketing communications and media strategy will be to deliver the message to the customers. Although the company has tremendous brand value but still it needs some efforts to make people aware about reliance entering into restaurant industry. Media Objective Use sponsorships as well as highly visual print and television advertisement To build a great image of the product this has a good brand image. Timing 12 month campaign commencing December 10th, 2010 Continually recycling and adapting to evaluation results over the next 1 years To change its strategy between the particular time periods so that customers get new things and new changes, the main purpose is also not to bore the person with same services. Advertising and communication tools Print ads in magazines Print is one of the oldest and the most highly regarded media of advertising and also a very challenging one. Executing a creative idea in the medium calls for various skills- creative writing, visualization, designing etc. The main idea behind the print ad is to attract the customer and provide them best knowledge. TV Advertisements While to plan a TV Advertisement, we should clear somethings which are very important for it: Brand itself The restaurants will be associated by the companys brand name i.e Reliance Restaurants. Big Idea The big idea can be initiated by associating a famous celebrity like Shahrukh Khan to promote our restaurants. Strategy Providing excellent support network to attract the customers like by initiating the online method of providing services and also providing thebest catering services to the customers. Tagline The tagline adopted for the resultants is Big Meal Time Newspaper advertising The advertisement can be initiated in the newspaper as it results in wide and effective coverage. Billboards The billboards is regarded as the modern source of advertisement in which the electric boards are displayed on the road side. So it looks to be an innovative idea to display the billboards in the cities where the resurants are established. Events: The advertisement can be done through events. It is regarded as most innovative and a creative kind of advertisement which generally produces results and promotes mass awareness. Direct marketing tools It is strongly recommended that nature fresh must an effective web presence in this interactive world .To promote the entire site, an online marketing program must be launched. A comprehensive, highly targeted group of destination web sites must be chosen for the program. The web site should be registered with yahoo search portal. And a number of tactical elements will help drive online awareness and inquiries into the program including: Online webinars Online newsletters Search engine registration Web site links Content marketing and licensing Opt-in email Specialized promotions and partnerships Evaluation of the Planned IMC Evaluation of an IMC plan is not easy because often communications effects are difficult to measure. At times they may not even have a direct impact on sales or profitability; effects may be delayed, etc. Therefore it is important to set the objective or standards for measuring performance in specific, measurable terms to make the evaluation possible. After doing all these now its time to evaluate the performance, the performance is satisfactory as we had imagined because its quit difficult to enter into the resturant market and establish yourself as there are already huge potential marketers in existence like Mc Donalds, KFC, and Barista etc., but still we had developed a very good strategy of firstly establish ourselves into the metro cities and accordingly will penetrate into other cities and then globally. Manager has to measure the actual performance either through consumer surveys or sales figure. Monitoring of the revenues generated on weekly basis. A general market research can be undertaken to generate the public views. Manager got to know these outcomes by comparing actual performance with set standards of new product. These steps also helped out to take further decision or plans. References www.relianceadagroup.com Book: Shah Kruti and DSouza Alan,Advertising Promotions an IMC Perspective, published by Tata Mcgraw Hil.