Internet Addiction Essay

The Internet provides a constant, ever-changing source of information and entertainment, and can be accessed from most smart phones as well as tablets, laptops, and computers. Email, blogs, social networks, and message boards allow for both public and anonymous communication about any topic. But how much is too much Internet usage? The Internet is the largest and most versatile source of information in the world today. With its web sites and chat rooms, it is a way of communicating with people in places all over the world. Since its conception in 1973, the Internet has grown at an astounding rate. A survey conducted by Intelli Quest Information Group Inc. showed that 51 million adults age 16 or older, were on-line as of the second quarter 1997 in the United States alone. To many people the Internet is so enjoyable that it is almost addictive. The problem is that researchers are now beginning to consider Internet Addiction. Studies are revealing that there may be an actual form of add iction involved with over-use of the Internet. Identifying which category of addiction the Internet falls into is the problem. There are no real answers yet because research in this area is at the beginning stages. While lost in this so called ‘Cyber Community’ for long periods of time, people are neglecting other important activities like; time with the family, socializing, work and health concern. Background of the Problem The use of the Internet on school campuses and in society has increased dramatically in recent years. Whereas the academic use of the Internet is primarily intended for learning and research, the Internet is primarily intended for learning and research. However, from time to time, cases of over involvement with the Internet have been observed on different campuses. The internet is not a habit. It’s an indelible feature of modern life. Many people turn to the Internet in order to manage unpleasant feelings such as stress, loneliness, depression, and anxiety. When you have a bad day and are looking for a way to escape your problems or to quickly relieve stress or self-soothe, the Internet can be an easily accessible outlet. Losing yourself online can temporarily make feelings such as loneliness, stress, anxiety, depression, and boredom evaporate into thin air. As much comfort as the Internet can provide, though, it’s important to remember that there are healthier ways to keep difficult feelings in check. These may include exercising, meditating, using sensory relaxation strategies, and practicing simple breathing exercises. For many people, an important aspect of overcoming Internet and computer addiction is to find alternate ways to handle these difficult feelings. Even when your Internet use is back to healthy levels, the painful and unpleasant feelings that may have prompted you to engage in unhealthy Internet use in the past will remain. So, it’s worth spending some time thinking about the different ways you intend to deal with stressful situations and the daily irritations that would normally have you logging on. Nature and Extent of the Problem When used responsibly, the Internet can be a great place to interact socially, meet new people, and even start romantic relationships. However, online relationships can often be more intense than those in real life. Our fantasies are given free reign and the idea of being with our online love can exceed all realistic expectations. Since few real-life relationships can compete with these wild, fantasy relationships, the Internet addict will prefer to spend more and more time with their online friends. Another problem is that about 50% of people online lie about their age, weight, job, marital status, or gender. When online friends meet and the real-life person fails to match the online persona, it can create profound emotional disappointment. People who are most susceptible to Internet addiction are teenagers, people who already have anxiety attacks or issues with anxiety, those who have undergone recent trauma that has made them home-bound and less active, people with prior addiction s and those with a lack of support from their peers or family. People coping with depression are the biggest candidates to find solace in excessive computer and Internet use. Solution The first step to overcoming Internet addiction is to admit that you have a problem. If your friends and family have approached you about your amount of time on the Internet, examine yourself to see if their concerns are legitimate. Don’t make excuses or blame others. Instead, seek to make positive changes in the way you spend your time. Keep a log of the actual time you spend online. Use a timer if it helps to keep track. Move your computer into its own room. If your computer remains in the bedroom, you will be more tempted to avoid sleep for computer time. If your computer is in the family room, it is more likely to steal time away from your family. Consider placing your computer in an uncomfortable room with poor lighting. While this won’t be good for productivity, it may make you less motivated to spend endless hours on the Internet. Decide how much time you will allow yourself to surf the Internet. Determine specific blocks of time each day that you are allowed onl ine and set a timer. When the timer goes off, reward yourself with something other than Internet time for sticking to your goal. Bibliography †¢http://www.ehow.com/way_5294633_solutions-overcoming-internet-addictions.html †¢http://www.seminarinformation.com/qqbulj/internet-addiction-practical-solutions-to-an-increasingly †¢http://www.helpguide.org/mental/internet_cybersex_addiction.htm †¢http://www.addictionrecov.org/Addictions/index.aspx?AID=43 †¢http://netaddiction.com/

Code of Ethics Steve Madden

Code of Ethics All employees, officers and directors of Steven Madden, Ltd. are responsible for conducting themselves in compliance with this Code of Business Conduct and Ethics other policies of the Company and applicable laws, rules and regulations. The Company adopted the Code in order to assist the Company and its employees, officers and directors with the Company’s goals of conducting its business and affairs in accordance with applicable laws, rules and regulations and maintaining the highest standards of ethical conduct, fair dealing and honesty.The Company also expects that any consultants or other service providers it retains will adhere to the Code. In making employment and personnel decisions, the Company employment decisions must be based only on an employee’s or applicant’s qualifications, demonstrated skills and achievements without regard to race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, citizenship, sexual orientatio n, gender identity or marital status. In carrying out the Company’s business, employees, officers and directors may learn confidential or proprietary information about the Company or third parties.Employees, officers and directors must maintain the confidentiality of all information entrusted to them, except when disclosure is authorized or legally mandated. Confidential or proprietary information includes, for example, any nonpublic information concerning the Company, including its business, properties, financial performance, results or prospects, and any nonpublic information provided by a third party with the expectation or contractual agreement that the information will be kept confidential and used solely for the business purpose for which it was conveyed.Employees, officers and directors are required to secure from unauthorized access and public view documents under their control that contain confidential or proprietary information. When such information is discarded, a ppropriate steps must be taken to ensure proper and complete destruction. In addition, employees, officers and directors are prohibited from taking confidential or proprietary information with them upon termination of employment with the Company or from using or disclosing such information for any purpose lsewhere, including with a different employer or company. Any confidential or proprietary information must be promptly returned to the Company upon termination of employment or affiliation with the Company. Key points are to conduct business within the laws, rules and guidelines as set forth by the company. This includes business handling, employees and proprietary information. All information should be kept confidential and not to be sold or disseminated. And do not take information when you leave the company or are terminated.

Public sector finance and cntrol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public sector finance and cntrol - Essay Example through provision of Discretionary Council Tax in a manner that: The payments are made in complex situations and incidences of anomalies thereby enabling different quarters of the society to handle issues ascribed to short term financial crises that would hinder them from paying their normal taxes. However, the essence of applying Discretionary Council of Tax should not focus on undermining the natures as well as the purpose of the Normal Council Tax Support Scheme. Moreover, it should not focus of supporting irresponsible behavior or common practices associated with not paying taxes among the quarters of the society. Consequently, the process should not focus on provision of funds in a manner that the expenditure the maximum permissible by the Local Council Tax. Another method that may be applied to achieve the desired tax charge by the council is provision of Awards. The Awards can be provided to meet current tax needs rather than compensate for past tax debts. In this regard, retrospective payments made be subjected to appreciation thereby reducing Council Tax arrears. The Process of Incremental Budgeting entails a scenario where new Budgets are formulated taking into consideration facets of the previous annual budget. In this regard, increments are usually made in order to fulfill projected needs for the current year using the pats budgets years for purposes of references. Incremental budgets are pertinent owing to the fact that it facilitates the aversion of risks, reinforces incidences of equilibrium created by political facets and provides an efficient and effective platform for stakeholder decision-making. In regard to tax setting, there are various factors that are usually taken into consideration; the fist factor is equality and uniformity. That is, all taxes should be levied in an equal and uniform manner. In addition, the process of levying tax entails a scenario whereby; certain time limits are stipulated for collection of taxes i.e. ends of every

Finial Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finial Summary - Essay Example Various career options have been thrown up and I have realized that "real estate and finance" are just broad segments. Each of these has further branches and specializations where the nature of work would differ greatly. For instance, career in real estate is not just brokerage (the working hours are stretched and erratic) but also as an expert investment advisor to corporate and public pension funds, endowments, foundations, Taft Hartley plans and other institutional investors, not for profit organizations which involves number crunching and in-depth research and study like that for traditional investment consultants. Similarly Finance can range from the glamorous foreign exchange management, tricky treasury management, gut wrenching stock management to mundane cash flow management. Having spoken to the individuals already engaged in these fields has shown me the skills and qualification needed to make a career in any one of them. I have mapped my inclination and aptitude against each of them. The close range scrutiny has shown me the academic grounding (theoretical knowledge) needed, relevance of practical experience, work schedule, work / home life tradeoff, work satisfaction, remuneration etc, etc. Each of the branches is challenging and would need lots of midnight oil burnt at class room stage as well as sincere work to

Arguing to Convince Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arguing to Convince - Assignment Example However, the continued extent of freedom has being transferred to the formal set-up whereby individuals believe that restricting them to certain norms in the formal set-up is anyway violating the extent to which they can express their rights and freedoms. Therefore, to maintain their guaranteed rights and freedoms as well as the level of openness, the American modern culture has slowly been promoting a relaxation of restrictions that are normally associated with the formal set-up such as workplaces or formal meetings. This present essay intends to persuade or convince the readers that informality is a positive move towards a more open and natural society. Secondly, the essay will present arguments favoring or agreeing to live in an informal atmosphere. Formalities in the formal set-up According to Clemente, formal practices or behaviors are part of the tradition and culture and therefore, they are things that are passed from one generation to another, with the expectation that those who adhere to these formal practices or behaviors in a formal set-up are showing a high level of discipline and diligence (78-82). Kinosian stated that these formal practices and behaviors are associated with a particular set-up, atmosphere or environment whereby individuals are expected to adopt a particularly different set of behaviors and practices that are totally different with how they interact at home or in informal set-ups (549-551). Rapp and Jackson on their part stated that the formal practices and behaviors are part of the bureaucracies that are associated with formal set-up, where in a great extent there is existence of some form of restrictions to the individuals’ rights and freedoms (103-109). According to Smith, some of the rights that are in a greater extent limited due to the requirement of formal practices and behaviors include the freedom of dressing and speech. The freedom of dressing is restricted in the sense that individuals are limited in the type of c lothes they wear or how they can dress when going to a formal place or attending a formal function. While freedom of speech is limited in the sense that certain words or body of language are restricted in used in the formal set-up (176-181). Kinosian stated that the insistence of adhering to these formal practices or behaviors stifles individuals from fully expressing themselves and fully enjoying their rights and freedom, and it encourages people to have two different sides of characters that may greatly differ, which means that they facilitate people not be open and fully understood by others (549-551). Informality as part of the culture Kinosian stated that formality is part of the traditions and culture, however, informality has become part of the culture because there have been a continued reform of most cultures especially those that were considered retrogressive (549-551). The reforms on most of the world’s culture have been initiated by the heightened extent of global ization, which has enabled people from different cultures to interact thereby refine their individual cultures in order to adopt a common culture that does not lay great emphasis on formalities. Moreover, formalities limits the extent to which two different strangers may get to know each other because formal practices do not encourage probing and there is a strict guideline on how formal communication should take place. Therefore, people should agree to live in an informal atmosphere because it

HY 1110-08F-2, AMERICAN HISTORY I (HY1110-08F-2) Essay - 2

HY 1110-08F-2, AMERICAN HISTORY I (HY1110-08F-2) - Essay Example If the federal government was only going to do things specifically outlined by the Constitution, then it would be a very week governing body. At first, James Madison agreed with Hamilton. But later, he reversed his position and opposed the establishment of a central federal bank. The establishment of the Second Bank of The United States led to the court case Mculloch v. Maryland. The state of Maryland opposed the newly established Second Bank of The United States. They created a special tax that was placed on all out-of-state banks. The only out-of-state bank at the time was The Second Bank of the United States. Chief Justice john Marshall ruled against Maryland. He viewed the special tax as an opposition to the establishment of another federal bank, which is what it actually was. He used the Necessary and Proper Clause to establish the fact that the federal government could establish this bank. Marshall even went to explain that "necessary" didnt mean "absolutely necessary" but proper and appropriate (Gressman 2001). He said that it was linked to the powers of the federal government to set and collect taxes. This clause greatly expands the scope of federal power. Many laws that have been created by the federal government have been justified using this clause. The power to control commerce that the constitution gives the federal government and the Necessary and Proper Clause are often used in conjunction. This occurred during much of FDRs New Deal legislation and in making the transporting of certain items across state boundaries a federal

Physical and cultural aspect of the city of Islamic origins which are Essay

Physical and cultural aspect of the city of Islamic origins which are still present in the contemporary Arab city - Essay Example This was towards enabling greater responsiveness and functionality, vital in meeting the cultural and socio-economic needs of the Umma. Islam’s ascent to dominance as a world religion was influenced by its penetration of different regions of the globe i.e. Europe, Asia and Africa. This resulted in an overwhelming and irreversible impact on these regions’ urban development. As Saoud (2002) alludes, Islam as an urban religion was based on the community’s commitment to religious values, beliefs and practices relating to both authority and organization, and emphasizing more on social gathering/ togetherness. This was as opposed to the encouragement of human dispersal and nomadic lifestyle, which were characteristics of early Islamic life. As a result, early Muslim centers and towns were erected with the core responsibility of preaching Islam (Saoud, 2002). The essence of Islam as an urban religion was to sprout out of this ideal, as the religion was best adhered to in communal gatherings, as opposed to personal prayer and devotion. Historically, early centers served primarily as places of worship i.e. those of the Maghreb, Rabat and Tunis. Their role was that of – a Citadel of Faith – as Fischel (1956) eludes, dedicated to receiving and providing habitat for new converts. Also critical to this role, was the concept of such cities being referred to as Dar-El-Hijra, places where Muslims came to practice the Islamic way of life. It is through this critical avenue that Islam was spread throughout North Africa, and subsequently the whole of the region in addition to southern Europe. Thus, religious role was a key aspect of the emergence of such thriving towns and cities. This prestigious role of the towns and cities, as religious centers, was replaced by political motives during the 9th Century AD. The turbulence of this era resulted in the breakaway of such regions, from the traditional link to the main Caliphate,

Military Intervention and Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Military Intervention and Human Rights - Essay Example However, a general consensus has been developed about the basic idea behind humanitarian intervention; Humanitarian intervention is essentially an armed effort in which a state or a group of states intervene in the internal affairs of another state and it often involves the violation of international borders or airspace of that particular state. Moreover, the state against which the humanitarian intervention is being conducted does not necessarily pose a threat to the peace or security of other states therefore the military action is taken solely on humanitarian grounds for the protection of human rights. Humanitarian intervention is a matter of great debate today because it involves two of the fundamental pillars of the United Nations system; one of them being state sovereignty and other is the protection of human rights; and unfortunately the scenario of a humanitarian intervention involves dealing with very complex circumstances in which one of the two pillars mentioned have to be compromised for the greater good (Jokic, 2003). The proponents of humanitarian intervention argue that it is imperative in certain circumstances to conduct military operations in states where the people are being opressed by the government, particularly in states which are ruled by dictators because in such states the change of government is not possible without intervention from outside. However, the critics of humanitarian intervention argue that it can be used as a pretext for a military action for the achievement of the vested interests of strong actors in the international political scenario. The issue of humanitarian intervention is also important because of the fact that there are a large number of lives associated with a military action taken against a state. In this paper an analysis based on the scenarios in various countries various military interventio

International Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Winning back customers is the most intelligent approach to marketing. It is this very important group of customers who will spur the company to great heights. Categorization of customers is important to developing a list of genuine customers. Basically, not all customers should be treated the same because some may not bring any importance to the firm. Having done the proper analysis on the customer list and identifying the best and strong candidates to win back, labor costs associated to this mechanism is then evaluated to define the best line of approach.   Some customers may have left the company because of lack of varying selection of books on the shelves. Ensuring product differentiation is very critical, hence stocking up of the store with all kinds of available books will help boost customer confidence to the company. This comes in hand with the right selling concept mechanism. The bookstore will be aggressive by promoting its products to the market. Adequately informing lost customers of the new services in the store will immensely lure them back.The bookstore will keep abreast its societal responsibilities. Promoting knowledge in local schools will give the store an upper hand and recognition. Above all, customer satisfaction is a crucial aspect of marketing. I will ensure feedback collection and review customer views on our services. This will go a long way to adjust our services to suit our customers. With customer satisfaction achieved then wooing back the customers will be easy.

African-Americans Fighting for Equality Essay Example for Free

African-Americans Fighting for Equality Essay African-Americans have been fighting for equality and freedom every since they were taken from Africa as slaves. They were stolen from their families and separated only to be servants to others as they were belittled, beaten, put down and treated as nothing. Many things have changed over the centuries, but African-Americans still fight everyday for different types of acknowledgements and equality. They have fought hard over the centuries to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain equality and civil rights. Through the Civil Rights Movement African Americans played important roles American history with courage, strength, and struggling to live equal in America. We have learned about important people and events throughout history, but the fight against discrimination, segregation and isolation have not always been focused on. This paper will highlight how some of the well known and unknown people contributed towards the Civil Rights Movement, in which continues to be fought in present time. â€Å"Racial segregation was a system derived from the efforts of white Americans to keep African Americans in a subordinate status by denying them equal access to public facilities and ensuring that blacks lived apart from whites† (Lawson, 2009). Slaves lived in quarters far away from the master houses on the plantations, the only ones that lived in the house were the special chosen. â€Å"By the time the Supreme Court ruled in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) that African Americans were not U. S. citizens, northern whites had excluded blacks from seats on public transportation and barred their entry, except as servants, from most hotels and restaurants. When allowed into auditoriums and theaters, blacks occupied separate sections; they also attended segregated schools. Most churches, too, were segregated. † (Lawson, 2009). Rosa Parks was famous for her courage to stand for her right to sit where ever she wanted on a bus, but she was not the first or only one to make this choice. There was a fifteen year old girl that was arrested nine months earlier, but she was not attributed to the act because of her status of being a foul mouth tomboy and getting pregnant right after the incident (Young, 2000). Also when Rosa Parks was approached by the bus driver to move there were other African- American people sitting next to her, but because she spoke up first history gives her credit and was noticed by Dr. Martin Luther King. It needs to be known that many people were courageous in their act to fight for equal rights. Basically Parks was at the right place at the right time, â€Å"Parks arrest sparked a chain reaction that started the bus boycott that launched the civil rights movement that transformed the apartheid of Americas southern states from a local idiosyncrasy to an international scandal. It was her individual courage that triggered the collective display of defiance that turned a previously unknown 26-year-old preacher, Martin Luther King, into a household name† (Younge, 2000). Dr. Martin Luther King name goes down in history as the most well known activists through the years. He was known as a non violent activist, in which he adapted the philosophy from Gandhi, which was respected not only by the black race but also by all other races. King’s speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† became what African-American’s live by for centuries to come. Also there was the, â€Å"We Shall Overcome† speech on August 23, 1963. King’s words at the capital that day were a defining moment of the Civil Rights movement† (Bowles, 2011). King fought for civil rights until the day he was killed. There was a protest at Fisk University in Nashville in which three students was disgusted at the fact blacks could not sit at the lunch counters to eat. C. T. Vivian, Diane Nash and Bernard Lafayette protested with others in Nashville on April 19, 1960. â€Å"Nash confronted Mayor Ben West. In what she calls a divine inspiration, she asked the mayor to end racial segregation. He appealed to all not to discriminate. She asked him if he meant that to include lunch counters. He sidestepped. She said, Mayor, do you recommend that the lunch counters be desegregated? West said, Yes, and the battle was won. Within days, integration began† (Weier, 2001). While civil rights activists were fighting on the home front, African American men and women honorably performed their duties in two world wars. They bravely entered a military that was at odds about their presence and the appropriate roles for blacks. While more than 400,000 African American soldiers were going through basic training, receiving their assignments or facing the enemys bullets in World War I, riots against black citizens were escalating in the United States. By the time the Second World War ended, over one million black forces returned home to the U. S. equivalent of apartheid. Yet, with the knowledge of conditions at home, black soldiers still distinguished themselves in battles for freedoms, which they were unable to enjoy (Blakely, 1999). Discrimination was popular in the 1900’s and African-Americans stood up to be treated as equal Americans as the whites, especially in the World War II. â€Å"While willing to fight for their country, some also made a stand against discrimination while they served. For example, on April 12, 1945, the U. S. Army took 101 African American officers into custody because they directly refused an order from a superior officer. This was a serious charge because, if convicted, they would face the death penalty† (Bowles, 2011). They wanted to get acknowledged for their bravery and accomplishments in the war just the white soldiers. America waited decades for the African –American soldiers of the World War II to get the proper acknowledgements they deserve, which was too little too late. â€Å"These men were willing to die for the country; they were not eligible for many of the honors for their service. Though many deserved it, no African American could receive the Medal of Honor, the highest military award for bravery. Bill Clinton corrected this error 50 years later, bestowing the medal on seven men, but just one, Vernon Baker, was still alive (Bowles, 2011). These men were known as the Tuskegee Airmen and most of them died before receiving their honors. There were numerous movements and people, even African-American women whom had a hand in battling for equality. They had to fight not only for equality from racism, but also dealing with being judged by their gender. â€Å"The Womens Service Section (WSS) investigated federally controlled railroad stations and yards at the end of World War I. Few women worked in car cleaning before the war, and railroad management preferred to block women workers, especially African Americans, from gaining any kind of foothold in railroad work. African American women were the single largest group of railroad car cleaners during this period but they were routinely denied adequate facilities, including toilets, locker rooms, and dining facilities throughout the railroad system. By raising the issues of facilities, workers rights, and public health, these women shaped federal policy and widened the agenda of the WSS to include a direct attack on segregated workplaces† Muhammad, (2011). Black women wanted to have the same rights as others for going to school with safety and security. â€Å"In Brown v Board of Education (1954) the Supreme Court reversed its ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson. They held that school segregation was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. This case marked the end of legal segregation in the US†. There were other significant African-American movements that changed history. â€Å"Starting in the 1960s, blacks in Akron began to push for an end to discrimination using various tactics, such as political action, workshops, and employment drives. Opie Evans edited the Akronite and began pushing for changes in his magazine. Protests widened to include sit-ins and other demonstrations† (McClain, 1996). African-Americans such as Martin Luther King Jr . and Malcolm X have become icons of the 1950’s and 1960’s, but the organizational skills and grassroots activism of women such as Ella Baker , Septima Clark , Rosa Parks and Fannie Lou Hamer propelled the movement forward to many successes and inspired a new generation of activists. African-Americans have come a long way fighting for equality and freedom every since the slavery time. They won their freedom and more equality than the ever had along with ending segregation. Many things have changed over the centuries, but African-Americans still fight everyday for different types of acknowledgements. They have fought hard to end segregation, most of discrimination, and isolation to attain equality and civil rights. References Blakely, Gloria. (1999). The 20th Century in CP Time: 1900-1949 We are a People. Sentinel,p. A8. Retrieved July 16, 2012, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 490544881). http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb? did=490544881sid=2Fmt=3clientId=74379RQT=309VName=PQD Bowles, M. D. (2011). American History 1865- Present, End of Isolation, San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved on June 11, 2012 from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUHIS204. 11. 2/sections/sec3. 7 Lawson, S. F. (2009). â€Å"Segregation. † Freedom’s Story, TeacherServe. National Humanities Center. Retrieved on July 16, 2012 from http://nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/freedom/1865-1917/essays/segregation. htm | | Mcclain, S. R. , (1996). The Contributions of Blacks in Akron: 1825-1895, A Doctoral Dissertation, Retrieved on july 17, 2012 from http://www. ci. akron. oh. us/blackhist/timeline/index. htm Muhammad, R. (2011). SEPARATE AND UNSANITARY: African American Women Railroad Car Cleaners and the Womens Service Section, 1918-1920. Journal of Womens History, 23(2), 87-111,230. Retrieved July 16, 2012, from Research Library. (Document ID: 2377762701). http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb? did=2377762701sid=3Fmt=3clientId=74379RQT=309VName=PQD Weier, A. (2001). She Socked Segregation Civil Rights Leaders Still Inspires Students, Madison Capital Times. Madison, WI, Retrieved July 27, 2012 from ProQuest. http://search. proquest. com/docview/395202519? accountid=32521 Younge, G. (2000). She Would Not Be Moved. The Guardian. London, UK. , Retrieved July 28, 2012 from ProQuest. http://search. proquest. com/docview/245609939? accountid=32521.

An Introduction To Food Service Industry

An Introduction To Food Service Industry The purpose of this chapter is to critically review the literature relating to Food Service Industry, the position and attributes to gain costumers perception. The arrangement starts with the role of food service, with investigation into the food and beverage operations. Subsequently, considerations into Service Quality point were dimension such as expectance and perception and an illustration of service quality model are taken. In addition an overview into the food and beverage service employment. An important point is mentioned regards to food quality and influences on costumer expectance and perception. Furthermore, sections such us menu planning and meal experience will taken to enrich the research. Finalize with an important point nowadays, were environment impacts will be take into consideration. 3.2 The role of food service The provision of food and beverage service (Davis et al., 1999) and eating away from home are increasingly and there is widening diversity in the nature and type of food and beverage on offer (Lillicrap et al., 2002). In addition conferences organizers are very familiar with the need for a high quality of food and beverage service within venues (McCabe et al., 2000). There are many reasons that clients normally desire to include a food service function in conferences and meetings. Shock and Stefanelli (1992, p.132) in McCabe et. al., (2000) have suggested several reasons such as: to create an image to provide an opportunity for interaction and networking to present a person, product to refresh conference attendees and sharpen their attention to provide a interested audience to keep delegates interested in other non-food activities to increase attendance at conferences Food and beverage service is the essential link between menu, beverage, and other services on offer in an establishment, and the customers (Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). The food and beverage function is characterized both by its diversity and by its size of the event as example of conference, meetings, exhibition and business events (Davis and Stone, 1991). Also can used as an effective tool to satisfy attendees and built attendance, as it empowers an attendees sensory memory of an event (Kim et. al., 2009). It is a significant and critical part of conference operations, and responsible for a high percentage of revenue for the venue (McCabe et al., 2000). In the past, food and beverage service was not important for conference centres, however now when a conference or meeting is organized, food and beverage services plays a fundamental role in the decision-making (Meetingnet.com, 2002 p. 35). Various groups and function venues dynamically search more out for group business as groups can be serviced with minimal costs and within particular times (Davis et al., 1999). Arranging an efficient food and beverage service for groups and functions at time can be very challenging. In many instances, groups may want very specific items, at very specific times and require special menus, or even an out-of-hours service (McCabe et al., 2000). 3.2.1 The food and beverage operations For a particular food and beverage operation the choices of how the food and beverage service is designed, planned, undertaken and controlled are made taking into consideration a number of organisational variables (Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). Figure 5 shows the variables that food and beverage operation has to take into account. Figure 5: Food and beverage operations. Source: Adapted from Foskett and Ceserani (2008) A food and catering service into the conference industry is characterised as function catering. That may be described as the food and beverage service at a specific time and place, for a specified number of people, to an arranged menu and price (Davis and Stone, 1991; Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). There are a variety of function events ranges from providing a bar in a reception area where delegates for a conference are able to assemble before their meeting, to large formal banquets of over 1000 where six to eight courses meals are served (Davis et al., 1998). 3.3 Service quality concept The concept of service can be explained as an interaction between employees and customers (Ball et al., 2003). In this context service quality characterize the level of service that is delivered by operations (Sasser et al., 1982; Walker, 1990; Johns et al., 1994; Jones and Pizam, 1993). It is almost defined in terms of customers perception of expected quality and experienced quality (Brown et. al., 1993). However, service quality is a complex concept and generally needs more than one model to explain it (John, 1996). Many researches making effort to define service quality, they usually on quality service and how it reaches the customers needs. Service quality can be again described as the difference between customers expectation and distinguished performance (Lovelock, 1992; Juwaheer and Ross, 2003). Therefore, services providers need to explore ways to increase productivity, which rely on objectives and goals to be achieved of the service although including quality. Product quality usually ends in the eyes of customers, particularly in the service industry. However the criterion used from customers to evaluate it might be complex and difficult to describe, in particular involving services with high labour content because performance of labour can be different from producer to producer, also each customer can perceived it differently (Berry et. al., 1990). It is also measured according to the level and direction of difference between experience and perception (Sasser et. al., 1987; Gronoor, 1982). Moreover, Ogowicz et. al. (1990) states that perceived service quality can be see form external of the actual operation that appears between customers and servicer provider. In additional, Wyckoff (1992) and Becker and Murrmann (1999) argues that service quality is the level of excellence planned to meet customers requirements. Meeting or exceeding customers expectation is the means to ensure good service quality. Service performance can be judge as a low or high by customers comparing their expectation (Parasuraman et.al., 1988) Customers have a wide range of choices regards to a food service business. From many years of dining experience, customers expectation of service quality have increase and the food and beverage industry is competing to rising it market share (Raajpoot, 2004). As well in the present market place, service quality is know as one of the mainly significant aspect in expand and retaining the successful relationship (Svensson, 2002). Most organisations and managers now realise that customers satisfaction can generate a long-term success, the market were they control which not only include customers but also competitors, regulatory governments agencies and the overall marketing environment (Kandampully, 2001). Therefore, researches can be conducted to identify what creates and retains customers satisfaction and ways to evaluate. 3.4 Dimensions of service quality The intangibility concerned services make it more complicated for consumers to evaluate than product quality because cannot be stored or held. Services are complex to assess until subsequent they have been performed, and even towards it still difficult. However, service quality can be observed as a measure of quality of the delivered-service level equivalent to customers expectations (Lewis and Booms, 1983). Parasuraman et. al. (1985) developed a well-know research concerning service quality, to recognized factors that costumers perceive about service quality. As the research result, they revealed general criteria as the ten principle dimensions of service quality, commonly know as SERVQUAL dimension in order to judge an organisations service quality by customers. Figure 10 illustrates those ten factors. Figure 6: The ten principle dimensions. Source: Adapted from Parasuraman et. al., 1985. Initially, the research proposed 22 statements to identify consumers perception and expectation of service quality. Secondly, those statements represent the ten determinants of service quality (Parasuraman et. al., 1988) illustrated on figure 10. Moreover, service quality emerges from comparison of expected service with perception. Development of model concern service quality suggest that expected service is influenced by three key criteria which as Marketing/Service Package, Personal Needs and Desire and Past Conference Meal. (Parasuraman et. al., 1990). In this research the initial service quality has been adapted to food service function into the conference sector. Figure 11 will demonstrate service quality process to measure costumers expected service and perceived service quality. Figure 7 Service Quality Model to Conference Food Function Source: Adapted from McCabe et al., (2000); Parasuraman et. al., (1985). Even so, it has been suggested that expectations are bound by adequate and desire levels, with a zone of tolerance in between. Although a model has been suggested to conceptualise service quality, with gaps representing the problem associated with the difference between processes to assess costumers expectation ands perception on the food providers performance (Parasuraman, 1991). GAP 1: The procedural gap First gap is the difference between what management believes customers want and what customers really asked for. GAP 2: The understanding gap Second gap is the difference between costumers expectations and managers perceived from costumers expectation. GAP 3: The behavioural gap The service delivered is different from the service specification. GAP 4: The promotional gap The difference between what has been promised by marketing communication activities and the actual service delivered. GAP 5: The perception gap Level of service perceived by costumer diverges from the service actually provided. The model helps catering managers recognise the understanding of customers. Also offers a clear thoughtful to managers who require improving the service quality provided by their service process. Consequently, managers gain the knowledge to improve their service quality and how they can understand their customers expectation and make then pleased which can promote a successful result to a conference meal service (McCabe et al., 2000; Rogers 2008; Zeithaml et. al., 1990). 3.4.1 Expectance and Perception of service quality Customers translate their needs into a series of expectance of the service or product that stand on this ability to satisfy an assured or implicit need. If the food function meets and exceeds these expectations then the customers will feel satisfied and will feel that they have received quality (Parasuraman, et. al., 1985 in Davis et al. 1998). However, if the food function does not meet their expectation, then there is a gap between customers expectations and the perceived characteristics of the service and quality will not have been provided (Davis and Stone, 1991). Customers have different background which influences his or her perception (Olsen et al., 1998). Service delivery is variable and difficult to measure because of the individual character of the contact between customer and services provider (Lashley and Lee-Ross, 2003). Moreover, these needs become a series of expectations for customers such as the type of food they desire, how they would like to be greeted and how much they are prepared to pay (Lockwood et al., 1996). In additional, culture, mood and timing jointly with the customers previous experience can effect on the way service is perceived (Walker, 1990). It is understandable that successful service providers will depend on the individual service delivered, being capable to interpret the customers requirement and adapt the service delivered to their desire (Lashley and Lee-Ross, 2003). If the customer expectations are meet or exceed, they will be satisfied and will have a quality experience (Lockwood et al., 1996). Service providers seen to be more concerned about customers expectance and service delivered, it is important take into consideration if there is a mismatch between service delivered and what is expected, customers are less likely to return (Jones, 1989). Figure 9 illustrate four main outlines to meet customers expectations. Figure 9 Customers expectation Model Source: Adapted from Martin (2003). 2.4.2 Customer expectations Customer expectations are the required level of performance that customers require from a service (Swan and Trawick, 1980). Also based on how well services providers are able to fulfil customer needs and desires (Westbrook and Reilly, 1983; Woodruff; 1987). It plays a central role in understanding the evaluation of service quality (Oliver, 1980). A range of methods for concept customer satisfaction have been proposed, each theory are based on different foundation. The commonly conceptual definition based on expectancy theory, is that customer expectations are predictions created by the customer regarding to what they believe it will be the result of a service provided or exchanged (Clow et. al., 1997). The models of service quality and customers expectation Model see figure 9 stresses the role of expectations. As a result, food service providers should be not only to meet the customers expectations but also to exceed them. Even so, it should be evidenced that exceeding customer expectations by a very high level is both profitable and dynamic, also it will increase cost and customers will have even high expectations when they repurchase. (Olsen et al., 1996). 2.4.3 Customer perceptions Customer perceptions play a vital to the concept of service quality. Perceptions are customers beliefs when they receive and experience service. It gives an explanation on how customers perceive service and how they evaluate their feelings. Additionally, it is important that organisations and managers understand the criteria that customers use to measure service quality (Gale 1994). On average, customers do not perceive circumstances in the same way for the reason that they comprise different needs, objectives and past experiences which persuade their expectations (Seaton and Bennett 1996). Perceived quality is highly connected with service quality and customer satisfaction (Ndhlovu and Senguder, 2002), a high perception of service value can result in greater satisfaction and intentions to return (Tam, 2000). In the food service industry, customers evaluate, compare an establishment with is competitors, and that evaluation is based on satisfaction, where they observe evaluation of service quality from employees, product quality and price (Lewis, 1984; Johns, 1992). 3.5 Food and beverage service employment People working in food and beverage service are the main point of contact between customers an establishment (Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). It is an important role in a profession with an increasing national and international status (Lillicrap et al., 2002). A research conducted by Bowdin and Pherson (2006) states figures regarding tourism service industry. In UK, 13,276 people are employed in the industry as their main job, with a further 337 employed as their second job (The Labour Market review for the Travel Service in Bowdin and Pherson 2006). Moreover, People 1st (2009) registered on total 56 per cent of the labour force are employed on a full time basis and 44 percent work part time. Also the research suggests that conference and events is the largest employer with 13,771 employees, this figure does not included in the figure above. While is difficult to assess the number of employed into the industry. It is obvious that growth in employment in this are and associated sector is occurring. The innovative industries have seen a rise of 400,000 employees in an eight years period (Bowdin and Pherson 2006). The hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism sectors surrounded by the fastest growing in the UK, with standard growth in the sector sitting at 7 per cent over the last 5 years, compared with a 4 per cent growth rate across the economy as a whole. Furthermore, it is predicted that 15,000 new jobs will be created in these sectors between 2002 and 2012 (Bowdin and Pherson 2006). From the Food Service Industry Profile (2009) in Peoples 1st (2009), a research shows that according to the labour force survey 2007/08 183,902 people work in food service establishments in the UK., which 67 per cent are women. They also supported that 15 per cent of those people working in the food and service industry are from black and ethnic minority. Furthermore, graphics 8 and 9 shows the employment by gender and full and part time employment into the food service industry: Graphics 1: Employment by gender and full and part time. Source: People 1st (2009). An additional data from the research reveal the industry age management profile, it says is relatively old when compare to other industry within the hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism sector. More than half 52 per cent are aged between 30 and 49 compared to an average of 35 percent across the sector. A further 27 per cent are aged over 50. Across the sector this figure stands at 17 per cent. 3.6 The concepts of food quality Food quality is generally distinguished from concept of value. It is understandable that food is a core product in any food establishment. Perception of food quality is part of the cognitive process, which influences satisfaction/ dissatisfaction as well as need fulfilment, expectancy affirmation, equity/inequity, also regret and unapprised cognition (Frewer et al., 2001). A high standard of service and quality of food with more sophisticated atmosphere can be found in a coffee shop or speciality restaurants; higher priced à ¡ la carte restaurant with more extensive menu and one or two cocktail bars in the hotel (Davis et al., 1998; Edwards and Nick, 1994). A well in conference centres were function meals served requires professionalism in preparing, planning and producing these meals; knowledge of the diners / customers and their expectations, desire and reasons for eating out are other crucial factors of food quality (Gustafsson et. al., 2006). Examining customer satisfaction, finds that food quality is part of top nine factors tested that had a considerable effect on customers intention to return in a food service. Likewise, the crucial factor of selecting food service establishment is determined by quality of food (Cullen, 2004). 3.7 Importance of food quality A researched carried by Kim et. al. (2009) analyse the influence of conference food function on attendee satisfaction shows that the quality of food content is the leading determinant of an attendees satisfaction with the food function performance. However, consumers are increasingly becoming knowledgeable and sophisticated about food; they usually expect and require food with genuine quality. If companies are prepared to respond to these demands and reflect them in their marketing strategies, the bottom line quality will appear for it self (Wheelock 1992). A term of quality are generally described rather differently between costumers and the provider (Wieske, 1981), and normally includes items such as the food variety, quality of ingredients, nutrition, portion size and price, those appropriated to meet customers desire and nutritional requirements contributing to pleasure of eating (Daget, 1988; Seo and Shanklin, 2005). 3.7.1 Customers role of food quality Food is not only a basic need of life but, it is a survival necessity. Eating is a part of activities of the daily routine, where variation, life style, imagination and imagination on food preparation and presentation (Wieske 1981). With food and service product price and variety can be widely provided. In general, customers are prepared to pay more for what they recognize to high quality service or product (Wheelock 1992). Quality on food can be relatively a complex issue. The food quality approach is engage into the natural sciences based on measurability of food quality characteristics. Those product and services characteristics are classified by costumers researches, transforming those in natural part of the product or service definition and can be conveyed to the next link to improve process on those processes with right specification related to an ingredients, manufacture procedures, packing and service standards, called specifications (Daget, 1988; Becker, 2000). Specifications are the meaning by product knowledge which is transmitted to all those concerned at the service or product. Any failure to certificate this will inevitably confuse those who face the problem of putting the design into production (Daget 1988). The product knowledge and quality expectation is powerfully influenced both by the companys marketing and advertisement as well as by the type of how it can be demonstrated and provision in the trade (Wieske 1981). 3.7.2 Influence of food sensory aspects on costumers Food providers can be even less confident about how much that food contributes to an individuals meal experience (Edwards and Nick, 1994). Experienced quality, including all sort of sensory pleasure particularly taste, and it is influenced by many ways for instance, the product itself, past experience which applies to both food quality and mood of the customer (Frewer et al., 2001). Despite the fact that sensory quality of food is just a part of the customers eating experience, it is very vital for food development, market testing and quality control (Nick et al., 1994). Costumers can use their sensory dimension and the freshness of food to evaluate food service quality or perceived value A successful food service function is the one which ensures providence of appearance, aroma, taste, temperature and texture are all as customer expectations (Jones, 2002; Lee et al., 2004). It is important to note that psychical quality of food is a vital part of customer satisfaction. Sensory aspects of food quality are perceived by numerous items (Jones, 2002), illustrated on table 9 the follow senses: Table 9 Food sensory aspects. Senses Examples Sight, Appearance Colour, visual texture, portion size, apparent freshness and purity; Smell Aroma, some part of flavour which is actually perceived through the olfactory area; Taste Combinations of sweetness, sourness, saltiness and bitterness to create unique flavour of food; Kinaesthetic Sense of muscular movement such as chewiness and tenderness; Touch, Texture Smoothness, dryness, lumps, fluid or solid including rare, middle or well done level of steak; Hearing Some foods are recognised by a crackle during chewing; Temperature Serving with low temperature or high temperature depending on types of meals or sweet. Source: Jones (2002). 3.7.3 The influence of food sensory attributes on customers The sensory attributes of a food plays an important role in it overall acceptance process. For example, it has been well acknowledged that there is specific design to the growth of pleasantness/unpleasantness as a function of the strength of food related sensory attributes. It is makes clear that customers expectations about the sensory properties of food have an influential effect on perceived food appearance (Thomson, 1994). According to many researchers regarding on the relative influence of food quality on customer satisfaction and behaviour (Auty, 1992), the sensory dimensions may perhaps be a core quality and seen as fundamental role to improve perceived service value in a food service context. Additionally the sensory attributes as well play a key role in the customers attempt to assess a particular food function performance (Kivela et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2004). A research conducted by Hester and Harrison (2001) reveals that the sensory attributes can be transformed into a perception of food quality by the costumers that may go ahead to repeat purchase. In addition, a better perception of costumers permit food providers to meet their needs and offer a wide range of nutritious, delicious, attractive and good value products. 3.7.3.1 The importance of appearance, flavour and texture Appearance is the first sensory sense that influences costumers to be interested in the food (Cardello 1994; Lawless 2000). It includes essential sensory attributes of the food as its colour, shape and size as well as more compounds attributes such as translucency, gloss and surface texture (Cardello 1994). Colour often predominate costumers expectations about flavour, and changes in shape or colour can reduce the sense of sameness. It predicts quality and motivates costumers expectations concerning other sensory attributes (Lawless 2000). Astonishing colours may possibly persuade caution until the food is determined to be safe, palatable, and nutritious (Lawless 2000). Although the visual appearance of the food is a potential influence on acceptability, package related to shape, colour, design, associated logo, symbols, brand item; and names are also important (Cardello 1994). Several researches has been conducted concerning important specifics attributes as important sensory factors involving acceptability of food variety, issues from costumers knowledge of food texture is essential to understanding its overall contribution to food acceptance. Furthermore, most of researches that have been conducted with food costumers, flavours are more often mentioned than texture as a reason liking or disliking food (Cardello 1994; Cardello et. al., 1983; Cardello and Maller, 1987; Hendrix et. al., 1963). On the other hand, other studies have indicated that texture is mentioned more often as a reason for disliking a food than as a reason for liking it (Schutz and Wahl 1981). Many others attributes have been taken into consideration, such as gender, socio-economic status and geographical location were factors related to awareness of texture. Women prefer to be more texture conscious than men, an attribute shared by people in higher socio-economic classes (Schutz and Wahl 1981). Despite the fact that the texture of food products can have a profound effect on perceived acceptability, an even greater influence is applied by the flavour of food (Cardello, 1994). 3.7.4 Expectation and perception on food quality Food services are characterised basically by experience also by an acceptable quality dimensions. For most quality dimensions, costumers can not recognize quality before or during the process, however, they have to create quality expectation which is called quality indication. There are generally two quality indication outlining the expectations which are extrinsic quality and intrinsic quality (Olson and Jacoby, 1972 in Frewer et al., 2001). Extrinsic quality factors refers to everything including price of the product or the brand Also, it includes atmosphere and service quality of staff (Frewer et. al., 2001). Measure satisfaction factor, it is becomes more critical as customer expectations and perceptions of product change. Customer product expectations are expected to increase, also their expectations of money value (Edwards and Nick, 1994). A research conducted by Dube and Renaghan (1994) recognises the importance to focus on relationship between satisfaction and the frequency of repeat purchase. In addition, they suggest to food service environment different ways to encouraging repeat purchase based on aspects such as tasty food, atmosphere, attentive staff, helpful staff, consistent food, menu variety and waiting time. Into the food service industry intrinsic quality refers to physical characteristics of the product or service, for example, when the taste or the appearance is inferred from the colour or other aspects include appearance and brand knowledge (Frewer et al., 2001; Tregear and Ness, 2005); also staff appearance and atmosphere of dining hall (Kim et. al., 2009). In addition, customers meal acceptance normally is not only influenced by food quality itself (intrinsic quality) but customers may rely previous meals experiences and value expectation (Oh and Park, 2000; Hartwell, 2004). 3.8 Menu planning The aim of food menu or beverage list is to inform customers what is available to them (Davis et al. 1998), in apparently random fashion with the food being raw, prepared or cooked. Individual menus came into use early in the nineteenth century, as the twentieth century advanced, and people settled around the world, the food service industry began to introducing different style of food and service (Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). Function catering venues normally work on menu planning based on the guidelines in the financial and marketing policies, the different types of menus offered by a function organisation (Davis et al. 1998). Usually, those venues adopt the cyclical menus, these are complied to cover a given period of time: months, or seasonal. The length of the cycle is determined by management strategies (Foskett and Ceserani, 2008). Table 6 shows the advantages and disadvantages of cyclical menus. Table 6 Advantages and disadvantages of cyclical menus. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Cyclical menus save time by removing the daily or weekly task of compiling menus, although they may require slight alterations for the next period. When used in association with cook-freeze operations, it is possible to produce the entire number of portions of each item to last the whole cycle, having determined that the standardised recipes are correct. They give greater efficiency in time and labour. They can cut down on the number of commodities held in stock, and can assist in planning storage requirements. When used in establishments with a captive clientele, the cycle has to be long enough so that customers do not get bored with the repetition of dishes. The caterer can not easily take advantage of good buys offered by suppliers on a daily or weekly basis, unless such items are required for the cyclical menu. Source: Adapted from Foskett and Ceserani (2008). Manage menu planning for conference events, should take several factors into consideration: food costs, delegate requirements, the type of items required by the client, nutritional concerns, seasonality, staffing implications, and the overall impression that the meal will give to delegates (McCabe et al., 2000). As a sales tool, menus often will by using well-planning and presented advertisement techniques, direct the customers what they are buy (Davis et al. 1998), also it is important to present clearly to clients and delegates the quantity, quality, price, brand (if necessary) and means of preparation of items within menu (McCabe et al., 2000). 3.8.1 Menu selection From conference managers, food function is related to cost driven, as food and beverage sector accounts for 28% of the total expenditure for the conference industry, which is the single largest portion (

Alternatives to Capitalism Explored in Thomas Mores Utopia :: More Utopia Essays

Alternatives to Capitalism Explored in Thomas More's Utopia      Ã‚   Thomas More's use of dialogue in "Utopia" is not only practical but masterly layed out as well. The text itself is divided into two parts. The first , called "Book One",   describes the English society of the fifteenth century with such perfection that it shows many complex sides of the interpretted structure with such clarity and form that the reader is given the freedom for interpretation as well. This flexibility   clearly illustrates More's request for discussion and point of view from this reader. In one concise, artistic paragraph, More clearly illustrates his proposition of the problems people possess within a capitalist society and the fault of the structure itself; clearly showing More's point of view for "Book One". If More attempted to get anything across to the people of England it was this:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Take a barren year of failed harvests, when many thousands of men have been carried off by hunger. If at the end of the famine the barns of the rich were searched. I dare say positively enough grain would be found in them to have saved the lives of all those who died from starvation and disease, if it had been divided equally among them. Nobody really need have suffered from a bad harvest at all. So easily might men get the necessities of life if that cursed money, which is supposed to provide access to them, were not in fact the chief barrier to our getting what we need to live. Even the rich, I'm sure, understand this. They must know that it's better to have enough of what we really need than an abundance of superfluities, much better to escape from our many present troubles than to be burdened with great masses of wealth. And in fact I have no doubt that every man's perception of where his true interest lies, along with with the authority of Christ our Saviour..... would long ago have brought the whole world to adopt Utopian laws, if it were not for one single monster, the prime plague and begetter of all others---I mean pride. (More, pg.83) For one to fully realize the significance of this virtueous paragraph they first must remember the time period it was written; more so now that we are in the

The Doctrine of President Bush Essay -- Politics Political

On 20 September 2002, the Bush administration published a national security manifesto overturning the established order. Not because it commits the United States to global intervention: We've been there before. Not because it targets terrorism and rogue states: Nothing new there either. No, what's new in this document is that it makes a long-building imperial tendency explicit and permanent. The policy paper, titled "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America" -- call it the Bush doctrine -- is a romantic justification for easy recourse to war whenever and wherever an American president chooses. This document truly deserves the overused term "revolutionary," but its release was eclipsed by the Iraq debate. Recall the moment. Bush, having just backed away from unilateralism long enough to deliver a speech to the United Nations, was now telling Congress to give him the power to go to war with Iraq whenever and however he liked. Congress, with selective reluctance, was skating sideways toward a qualified endorsement. The administration had fended off doubts from the likes of George Bush Sr.'s national security adviser Brent Scowcroft, and retreated from its maximal designs (at least on Tuesdays and Thursdays), giving doubters, and politicians preoccupied with their reelection, reasons to overcome their doubts and sign on. The Bush White House chose this moment to put down in black and white its grand strategy -- to doctrinize, as it were, its impulse to act alone with the instruments of war. Hitching a ride on Al Qaeda's indisputable threat, the doctrine generalizes. It is limitless in time and space. It not only commits the United States to dominating the world from now into the distant future, but al... ...gned to take more than passing note of his speech. As a nation, we’re still in a trance. The leadership of the most powerful nation-state on earth proceeds to set out its grand strategy, its unified theory of everything, and its prime channels of information don’t see fit to let the populace in on the news that their government is hell-bent on empire and has said so in black and white. Nonetheless, Bush’s strategy is now in force. It confirms suspicions and stokes paranoia. In propounding that there are no more than two models for how a society lives in the world, and that those who despise the one must enlist behind the other, it indulges in the same drastic oversimplification that motivates the terrorists. Americans will have to contend with the consequences for generations. This is why the Bush doctrine is dangerous: It’s a gift to anti-Americans everywhere.

Brian Skyrms? Evolution of the Social Contract Essay -- essays researc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skyrms’ book, Evolution of the Social Contract, offers a compelling explanation as to why individuals, when placed with one-shot prisoner’s dilemmas, will often cooperate, or choose the equilibrium that will benefit both parties equally. He uses examples to outline how individuals of certain environments frequently engage in activities that benefit the group at their own personal expense. Using both game theory and decision theory, Skyrms explores problems with the social contract when it is applied to evolutionary dynamics. In the chapters of the book, he offers new insights into concepts such as sex and justice, commitment, and mutual aid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skyrms’ writing goes beyond traditional game theory, and exposes some weaknesses in its application. He rejects the theory’s traditional interpretation of rational actors and actions by discovering some glaring inconsistencies. Skyrms conducted a number of experiments using one-shot prisoners’ dilemmas. The ultimatum the author introduces in the first chapter serves as a simple example of a one-shot prisoners’ dilemma. In the initial form of the example, Skyrms proposes there is a cake that must be divided between two individuals. Each individual is looking to maximize his or her utility, and therefore, wants as much of the cake as possible. However, there is a third party, or what Skryms labels a â€Å"referee.† The two individuals must determine the percentage or portion of the cake they want and summit these requests to the referee. The percentages must not exceed 100%, or the referee will consume all the cake. It is therefore not in either parties’ best interest to request a significantly large portion. Additionally, if the total of the two requests is below 100% of the cake, the referee will take the left-over portion. The two parties will then aim to maximize their portion, however the best claim that an individual submits is dependent upon the other party’s claim. There are two interacting optimization problems (Skyrms 3, 4).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An answer to the puzzle will be found in solutions that are in equilibrium. An equilibrium in informed rational self-interest, or a Nash equilibrium, is any solution to the problem whereby neither party could do better by altering its position. However, this is a general and broad definition. Further stipu... ...as formed certain signals and understandings that are critical to our prospects for cooperation and negotiation today (Skyrms 80-104).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skyrms’ explorations in Evolution of the Social Contract are based on the premise that human beings are, in fact, inclined to behave justly. His writings do not aim to prove that individuals act justly all the time; however they assert that the disposition exists in societies. Many would take issue with Skyrms’ assertion. Firstly, justice has many interpretations. According to some, equal division of a resource is not always what justice requires. Skyrms fails to address situations where an individual may have worked harder than another for a resource, and invested more time in it. Perhaps one individual would obtain more utility from a given amount of a resource than another would. Libertarians would demand property rights, and argue that one individual might better utilize the resource than the other, creating more benefit for society. Skyrms also fails to give specific interpretations of justice and does not offer any thoughts on what ideas of jus tice, if any, are cultural universals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Maths Coursework- Matrix Investigation

Maths SL Matrix Investigation I will try to investigate in powers of matrices (2Ãâ€"2). Also, try to find a pattern, if there is one. A=[pic] Using my GCD calculator to raise matrix A to different powers [pic]= [pic] [pic]= [pic] [pic]=[pic] [pic]= [pic] [pic]= [pic] [pic]= [pic] [pic]=[pic] The pattern that I can see is that when the power of matrix A is an even number e. g. 2,4,6,8 then the result is [pic] the identity matrix. However, when the power is an odd number the matrix stays the same so [pic] My prediction for [pic] matrix is: [pic] Using the GCD calculator I checked my answer and it is correct.The determinant for this matrix A is -1 because (1x(-1)-0x3), that means that if we multiply A with the inverse of A so [pic] the result would be [pic] identity matrix. [pic]= [pic] [pic] [pic] which basically shows us that the inverse of this matrix is the same as the original one. A general rule for [pic](using algebra) When the ‘n’ is an even number [pic]= A[pic] wh en the ‘n’ is an odd number [pic]= A(A[pic] It’s basically really simple one because of the determinant, which was -1, so when we make it as a fraction [pic] the result is still the same.Now, I am considering the matrix B= [pic] Using my GCD calculator I am calculating B raised to different powers. [pic]= [pic] [pic]= [pic] [pic]= [pic] [pic]= [pic] [pic]= [pic] The determinant of this matrix is -4 so probably the formula from before would not work because it’s not an identity matrix. But what we can see it is somehow related to the identity matrix. Because of the first result, which is just squaring, is 4x[pic] From these calculations I can see that the formula for an even powers would be: [pic]= [pic] so [pic]= [pic] = [pic] [pic]= [pic] = [pic]And when the power is an odd number det= -4 [pic]= [pic][pic] [pic] so [pic]= [pic] = [pic]=[pic] [pic]= [pic] = [pic]=[pic] My prediction for [pic] would be [pic]= [pic] = [pic]=[pic]= [pic] =[pic] As I checked i t using my GCD calculator and it is right we can consider that the formula is working for matrix B, which has a determinant equal to -4 Now I am trying to generalized this rule and try different values for a, b and n. pic] Using the GCD [pic]= [pic] [pic]= [pic] Checking with the formula (the determinant is equal to -16) [pic] So [pic] [pic]= [pic] = [pic]= [pic] Using the GCD and formula to see if the pattern is working: [pic]=[pic] [pic] So [pic] (the determinant is equal to -9) [pic]=[pic] [pic]=[pic]=[pic] [pic]=[pic] [pic]= [pic] The formula works so far, however now I am going to try raise matrix to a negative power and see, if the formula is working: [pic] I can’t put it into the calculator.But we know that when we raise something to the negative power is the same as: e. g. [pic] = [pic] [pic]=[pic] [pic] [pic]=[pic] [pic]= [pic] The rule for negative powers make sense, we would always end up with 1 over matrix. So simply saying when the n was a positive odd number the matrix was [pic] and when n was the same but negative the result was [pic] so almost the same but every element in the matrix was 1 over the result from the positive. Now I am going to try a different value for b: [pic] = [pic] [pic]= [pic] pic] = [pic] [pic]=[pic] We could also consider the power n= [pic] [pic] Which we can rearrange as [pic] We can’t really use the pattern here because we cannot square root the matrices The results hold true in general because the third element(c) was always 0. Which made the determinant always a negative number and multiplication of two the same numbers e. g. (2x-2) (3x-3) It is important because of the rule, so when we use odd numbers as a power a formula is that n-1 which makes it an even number, which then is divided by two.Now, I will consider powers of the form [pic] Using the GCD: [pic]= [pic] the determinant is equal to(-4-4)=-8 [pic]=[pic] [pic]= [pic] so [pic] = [pic] [pic]= [pic] so [pic] [pic]= 64[pic]=[pic] [pic] determinant = -19 [pic]= [pic] =[pic] [pic]= [pic] =[pic] it doesn’t work [pic]= [pic] =[pic]= [pic] [pic]= [pic] =[pic]= [pic] when I do [pic]= [pic] the formula doesn’t work anymore so I’ll try this one [pic]= [pic] [pic] = [pic] which is the same as in the calculator et’s see with the other matrix [pic] the determinant= -19 [pic]= [pic] = [pic] [pic]= [pic] =[pic]= [pic] [pic]= [pic] [pic] = [pic] As we can see the generalized rule is: For even powers: [pic]= [pic] Now I need to find out the formula for odd powers [pic]= [pic] so [pic] [pic]= 64[pic]=[pic] [pic] [pic] the determinant =-19 [pic]=[pic] [pic]= 19 [pic]= [pic] [pic]=[pic] [pic]=[pic] Using my GCD I checked the answer and it’s the same. The general rule for odd powers: [pic]= [pic]

Mankind is nah island Essay

The dynamic concept, belonging, is highly influenced by social marginalisation as individuals develop a sense of displacement amongst the dominant culture. Vangenderon’s, ‘Mankind Is No Island’, utilises film techniques, mise-en-scene and literary devices to explore the intangible concept of belonging. A sense of affiliation is established through the absence of belonging amongst the subjects of homelessness in two iconic cities, New York and Sydney. Representation All representation is subjective and incomplete. It allows us to understand an issue from a range of perspectives. The consideration of a variety of perspectives is necessary to developing a genuine understanding of an issue. Language is used to articulate, our particular perspective on an issue. The productive tension between the texts we have studied demonstrate how conflicting perspectives allow audiences to fully understand the complexity of representations. Appreciating that no single perspective contains the ‘truth’ allows us to value the unique contribution of each perspective. When preparing drafts: – Start with an idea that allows for growth in multiple directions – Choose one of those paths & stick to it – Allow yourself to end an idea then start again with new direction. Drafting strategies – Rewrite sections of your story that seem to be wasted. – Have a list of multiple next ‘moves’ to choose from – When stuck do some research of the topic – Work on the structure of the story. Intro – Answer the question -> INDICATE 2 ISSUES – Elaborate stance – outline issues further. – Clarify stance if you have made an overall assessment i.e. the effectiveness of Australian legal system. – Link back to question, reiterate stance/direction Note: Maximum clarity Body 1* – Issue #1 Legal Response. Body 2 – Issue #1 Non-legal response. Body 3 – Issue #2 Legal Response. Body 4 – Issue #2 Non-legal response. Conclusion * Topic sentence: Introduce focus of paragraph [your point] Prove: – Elaborate, clarify – Discuss example – legislatiom, stas, cases, keywords, key terminolotiy, quotes, related to this topic – Evaluation – reiterate what this evidence proves – Link – > main argument.

Renal Cyst Ultrasonic Differential Diagnosis Health And Social Care Essay

With the aid of ultrasonography simple cysts, complex cysts and solid multitudes can be identified. Simple cysts may non necessitate surgical intercession but complex cysts and solid nephritic multitudes should be farther evaluated and decently managed. Nephritic cysts are common nephritic mass. Their frequence addition with age and they are present in half the population above the age of 50. The etiology of nephritic cysts is non known, but it is possible that they form from the epithelial giantism of tubules or roll uping canals, with ensuing distention of the uriniferous tubule. This would explicate why cysts enlarge over clip, and the engagement of next uriniferous tubules might explicate why thin septations develop2. Elkin and Bernstein classified nephritic cysts ; ( 1 ) renal cysts due to dysplasia of the kidney ; ( 2 ) polycystic disease ; ( 3 ) cortical cysts ; ( 4 ) medullary cysts ; ( 5 ) assorted intrarenal cysts ; ( 6 ) extraparenchymal nephritic cysts. Ultrasound standards for the diagnosing of a simple nephritic cyst includes ( 1 ) Spherical or egg-shaped form ; ( 2 ) absence of internal reverberations ; ( 3 ) presence of a thin, smooth wall that is separate from the environing parenchyma ; and ( 4 ) sweetening of the buttocks wall, bespeaking ultrasound transmittal through the water-filled cyst3. The object of survey was to observe the supersonic differential diagnosing of nephritic cysts, because echography is a uniquely safe and non-invasive agencies of imaging internal anatomy. Nephritic cysts are common incidental findings on echography but may besides organize portion of specific disease procedure. Differentiation of the forms of the cystic disease is necessary for diagnosis4.Patients AND METHODS:The survey was conducted between January 2007 to April 2008 at the section of Radiology and Urology, Chandka Medical College Hospital, Larkana. 100 ( Symptomatic or Asymptomatic ) patients of either sex with nephritic cysts who were detected on echography were included in the survey. Along with history, physical scrutiny nephritic echography was performed to see the site, size and figure of cysts. A nephritic ultrasound is a radiological survey of the kidneys that can look at the kidneys in cross subdivision. Position of the patient for right kidney scanning supine, left posterior oblique, left sidelong decubitus, and prone as needed. For left kidney scanning right sidelong decubitus, prone as needed. Different patient places were used whenever the suggested place does non give the coveted consequences. Just Vision 400 ultrasound machine by Toshiba with 3.5 MHz convex ( multi frequence ) investigation was used for kidneys scrutiny. No readying was required for ultrasound scrutiny.Consequence:From January 2007 to April 2008, hundred patients were included in the survey. 72 were males and 28 were females. Male to female ratio was 2.5:1. Age ranges were between 1-100 old ages ( Table-1 ) . Of the one hundred patients 40 presented with symptoms but 60s were symptomless. Among 40 diagnostic patients the most clinical presentation associated with nephritic cyst in this survey was di abetes mellitus 10 ( 25 % ) and abdominal hurting 7 ( 17.5 % ) ( Table-2 ) . Among 100 patients differential diagnosing of nephritic cyst in 89 ( 89 % ) patient simple nephritic cysts were detected, hydronephrosis in 7 ( 7 % ) , medical nephritic disease in 2 ( 2 % ) , polycystic disease in 1 ( 1 % ) , haematoma in 1 ( 1 % ) were observed ( Table-3 ) . Of the 89 patients of simple nephritic cysts 57 ( 64 % ) were cortical cysts, 4 ( 4.5 % ) medullary cysts, 22 ( 25 % ) parenchymal cysts, 4 ( 4.5 % ) Para pelvic cysts, 2 ( 2.2 % ) extra parenchymal cysts. Different sizes of simple nephritic cysts were measured ranged from 1mm to 100 millimeters, 3 ( 03.40 % ) steps ( 01-10 ) millimeter, 25 ( 28.40 % ) steps ( 10-20 ) millimeter, 11 ( 12.50 % ) steps ( 20-30 ) millimeter, 27 ( 30.33 % ) steps ( 30-40 ) millimeter, 9 ( 10.22 % ) steps ( 40-50 ) millimeter, 5 ( 05.28 % ) steps ( 50-60 ) millimeter, 3 ( 03.40 % ) steps ( 90-100 ) millimeter and 6 ( 06.81 % ) measures variable sizes. ( Fig: ) . Cystic standards were besides assessed through 89 patients. Along this series the most frequent type of loculation in assorted nephritic cyst was uniloculated 87 ( 98 % ) and 2 ( 2 % ) were biloculated. 91 ( 91 % ) instances presented as one-sided simple nephritic cyst, 9 ( 9 % ) instances as bilateral simple nephritic cyst and multiple cysts nine in figure. Internal echogenisity of simple nephritic cyst in this survey revealed there were 100 ( 100 % ) takes all features of simple nephritic cyst anechoic or echo-free with absence of internal reverberations. In 89 patients of simple nephritic cysts concomitant sonographic abnormalcies were detected. Fatty liver were the most common accompaniment with simple nephritic cyst during this survey ( 4 Patients ) . There was one instance showed benign prostate. Others each instance for nephritic rock, pleural gush, enlarged prostate secretory organ, nephritic expansion, cut down kidney size, ectopic kidney, nephritic organ transpla nt and angiomyolipoma ( Table-4 ) .Discussion:This survey was carried out on 100 patients in whom nephritic cysts were identified sonographically, 72 % were male patients and 28 % were females. So males were more affected in our survey than females. Previous survey by Hanna et Al confirmed that, the distribution is equal between males and females5. In our series 89 % of instances were diagnosed as simple nephritic cyst which represent the most common differential diagnosing of nephritic cysts followed by, 7 % hydronephrosis, 2 % medical nephritic disease, 1 % polycystic kidney disease, 1 % haematoma. There was no instance presented with nephritic dysplasia. .Study by Yamagishi et Al confirmed that, thorough reappraisal of household history can besides add valuable information. Differential diagnosing should include multicystic and polycystic kidney disease and structural anomalousnesss such as duplicate and calyceal diverticula, tumour, abscess and haematoma may be considered, but t hey most probably will hold internal reverberations. Although nephritic cysts can be seen in chromosomal abnormalcies, there are normally other anomalousnesss present6. When cystic lesion is seen in the upper pole, an adrenal beginning must besides be considered. Finally, a cystic teratoma of the retro peritoneum can be considered. The youngest patient was 3 old ages old male child with mean size of left kidney showed mild back force per unit area alteration with good parenchymal thickness, dilated nephritic pelvic girdle and ureter down to bladder. Umbilical hernia noted with defect at anterior abdominal wall steps ( 7mm ) with enteric cringles seen go throughing through. The eldest patient was 95 old ages old male with bilateral simple parenchymal cyst. The highest incidence of simple nephritic cyst in 6th and 7th decennaries of life. While the lowest incidence in 1st and 2nd decennaries. Previous surveies confirmed that, the pathogenesis of nephritic cyst is non wholly known. Because of increasing frequence of nephritic cysts with age ( they are found in over 50 % of people over 50 old ages of age ) . It has been suggested that cyst formation is acquired- a consequence of the aging process5,7. Another theory suggests that cysts are developmental in beginning. During nephritic organogenesis, the 2nd to 4th coevals of uriniferous tubules, ensuing in cyst formation 8. Among 40 diagnostic patients the most clinical presentation associated with nephritic cyst in this survey was diabetes mellitus 10 ( 25 % ) and abdominal hurting 7 ( 17.5 % ) they were more often associated with simple cyst, there were 60 patients symptomless normally associated with nephritic cysts. Previous surveies confirmed that, highlight a figure of facets refering to simple nephritic cysts. First, most instances are symptomless and are best treated cautiously by regular ultrasound follow up. Last, as the natural history of simple cyst is non known, long- term sonographic followup is recommended ; simple cysts can be the initial manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic disease in a child9,10. Sonographic rating of nephritic cyst revealed that simple visual aspects were most normally seen in nephritic cysts and limited polycystic disease and haematoma. Along this series among 89 patients of simple nephritic cysts the most frequent type of loculation in assorted nephritic cyst was uniloculated 87 ( 98 % ) and 2 ( 2 % ) were biloculated. The major sonographic findings of wall thickness and regularity were thin and regular walls, that more presented in nephritic cysts. There were ( 57 of 89 ) were cortical cyst, ( 22 of 89 ) were parenchymal cyst, ( 4 of 89 ) were medullary cyst, ( 4 of 89 ) were parapelvic cyst and ( 2 of 89 ) were extraparenchymal cyst. Previous survey confirmed that, the upper pole is the most common site5. Normally the cysts are lone but may be multiple. As was seen in this survey, 91 ( 91 % ) instances presented as one-sided simple nephritic cyst, 9 ( 9 % ) instances as bilateral simple nephritic cyst and multiple cyst nine in figure. Previous survey confirmed that, the distribution is equal between right and left kidneys5. Internal echogenisity of simple nephritic cyst in this survey revealed there were ( 100 % ) takes all features of simple nephritic cyst anechoic or echo-free with absence of internal reverberations. Previous survey confirmed that, many incidental nephritic multitudes are discovered on abdominal ultrasound examinations11. When the ultrasound standards for a simple cyst are met, the likeliness of malignance is highly little. Asymptomatic patients with incidental nephritic cysts that meet these standards require no extra rating. Fatty liver were the most common accompaniment with simple nephritic cyst during this survey ( 4 Patients ) . There was one instance showed benign prostate. Others each instance for nephritic rock, pleural gush, enlarged prostate secretory organ, nephritic expansion, cut down kidney size, ectopic kidney, nephritic organ transplant and angiomyolipoma. Fatty liver were the more frequent attendant disease in association with simple nephritic cyst were detected as an incidental sonographic happening during this survey. Previous survey confirmed that, simple nephritic cyst has controversy related to high blood pressure and nephritic disfunction. There was ( 6 of 40 ) ( 15 % ) high blood pressure patients during this survey. Different sizes of 89 simple nephritic cysts were measured, 3 ( 03.40 % ) steps ( 01-10 ) millimeter, 25 ( 28.40 % ) steps ( 10-20 ) millimeter, 11 ( 12.50 % ) steps ( 20-30 ) millimeter, 27 ( 30.33 % ) steps ( 30-40 ) millimeter, 9 ( 10.22 % ) steps ( 40-50 ) millimeter, 5 ( 05.28 % ) steps ( 50-60 ) millimeter, 3 ( 03.40 % ) steps ( 90-100 ) millimeter and 6 ( 06.81 % ) measures variable sizes. Pervious survey confirmed that size scope from really little to really big in diameter. By and large ultrasound detected all nephritic cysts, while CT scan used to corroborate the diagnosing and picked up of peripherally located and cystic multitudes. Two instances were aspirated under ultrasound counsel, were clear fluid.Decision:The most common differential diagnosing of nephritic cyst is simple cortical nephritic cyst with highest incidence in 6th and 7th decennaries of life. The least common is polycystic kidney disease or haematoma. Out of this survey we believe more that ultrasound is the individual cost effectual mean in sensing of nephritic cyst.

Ethics: Nursing and Abortion

Working in the field of abortion isn’t an easy task furthermore participating in the abortion procedures. But the field of nursing you have to follow a code of ethics, a set of rules and regulation. Nurses have their personal opinions about abortion, but because they are health professionals and their opinions are sought as such, they are obligated to understand why they hold certain views. Nurses need to be clear about why they believe as they do, and they must arrive at a point of view in a rational and logical manner. To assist nurses in this task, the ethical issues surrounding abortion are enumerated and clarified. To better off explain research on this ethical topic I’m going to further explain my research on my findings on both points of view and balanced both sides so you can get a better understanding. For those of you whose doesn’t know what an abortion is the proper meaning for it is, ending a pregnancy before the fetus (unborn child) can live independently outside the mother. If abortion happens spontaneously before 24 weeks of pregnancy, it is called a miscarriage. An induced (or â€Å"therapeutic†) abortion is caused deliberately in order to end the pregnancy. Working in that environment is certainly a sensitive one, regardless of your personal opinions or not you must undergo certain training to properly fit the job and follow protocol. Not only working in that surrounding a main issue but the ethics of abortion already another ethical dilemma. There are many strong arguments about the issue for those who are in favor and against it but sometimes there is not proper training assigned to resulting in personal feelings conflict with the pre and post procedure affecting the patient and their decision. Classes on the principles of nursing ethics give the nurse the tools to base ethical decisions upon. However, this knowledge is then shaped by the values, beliefs and experiences of the nurse. Recent investigation and studies have showed there has been conflicts arising within that environment. But in that particular circumstance there is not a wrong or right, but there is do the ethical thing without harm. To first start my paper I’m going to briefly speak about the proper ethical way to deal with the whole abortion procedure including there responsibilities as a registered nurse regardless of the circumstances and different environments. Some of the different responsibly according to nynsa, org are, the responsibility and obligation to provide competent and supportive nursing care (ANA, 2001, Provision #1 & #3). The responsibility to provide the patient with objective information and to offer access to resources before, during and after a voluntary termination of pregnancy (ANA, 2001, Provision #1 & #2). * The responsibility to provide care without imposing personal beliefs on patients who choose to abort (ANA, 2001, Provision # 1 & #2). * The obligation for educational preparation, and the responsibility to obtain such, to assist and meet the emotional, physical and psychological needs of patients who are considering or have had a voluntary termination of pregnancy (ANA, 2001, Provision # 3, #5 & #7). The right to their own moral, ethical and religious beliefs (ANA, 2001, Provision # 1). * The right to refuse to participate in a voluntary termination of pregnancy, except in an emergency situation, where the patient's needs do not allow for substitution (ANA, 2001, Provision # 4 & #5). * The right not to be subjected to coercion, censure or discipline for reasons of such refusal (ANA, 2001, Provision #4, #5, & #6). * The right and responsibility to seek employment in areas where the care of patient choosing abortions will not be assigned. These are some of the responsibilities of being a Nurse within the termination field. Despite the protocols they must follow to prevent harm it’s not entitled to something may agree on. Remember nurses are being rotated on a day to day bases meaning they travel around the hospital working in different departments. Despite being pro- life or prochoice they must follow the ethical guidelines not only to keep their jobs and also comfort the patient in every way as possible. Nurses need to be clear about why they believe as they do, and they must arrive at a point of view in a rational and logical manner. To assist nurses in this task, the ethical issues surrounding abortion are enumerated and clarified. To do this, some of the philosophic and historic approaches to abortion and how a position can be logically argued are examined. According to nursing connect. com, the nurses and social workers that were surveyed worked in a variety of settings including acute care facilities, ambulatory clinics and outpatient health centers. We did find that about 40 percent are frustrated and 40 percent are fatigued. One out of three feels powerless and the same even said they were physically ill. † Many nurses believe that feeling conflicting in the decisions has took a toll on patients because attitudes justify a lot in decision making. In an article I read prior to doing my research a Nurses by the name of Ulrich quoted, â€Å"If one believes that they know t he ethically correct course of action but are precluded from carrying that out, then patient care suffers in some way. Ulrich believes that communication and broader dialogue on the subject will help to limit moral distress and the negative impact it has on health care providers. According to Ulrich again, â€Å"Improving the ethical climate begins with administration and managerial leaders. First, I believe they have to recognize that nurses and other health care workers are facing tremendous ethical challenges in providing care and encountering stress related to these concerns. To me, this only impacts the quality of care that is delivered. I do believe with the proper tools, communication, as well as lots of training they can create a better atmosphere and ethical comfortable environment they can focus less on the ethical problems their facing. Every nurse who speaks up when feeling ethical or moral distress is one step closer to eliminating the issue entirely. Recent research according to the school of political and social science, they create assessment basically having little committee regardi ng the questions and concerns of the nurses and survey says it has increased positively. A lot of associations has been created in effort to reduce the ethical dilemma in the abortion procedure. One to be specific is known as the New York State Nurses Association (NYSNA) Position Statement on Abortion was in response to the increasing legislative activity concerning abortion law, as well as requests from the professional nursing community with regard to their rights and responsibilities and the rights of their patients pertaining to the issue of abortion. NYSNA has, through the Council on Ethics and Human Rights, continued to study and research the issues surrounding abortion and reaffirms the position of the rights of women as patients and nurses. There’s many more ethical procedures a Nurse to follow according to the clinic or nursing guidelines. The nurse should keep the patient informed of all aspects of the procedure, provide a supportive presence, perform standard physical monitoring during the operation and afterwards, provide contraceptive counseling, and act as a sounding board or discussion of interpersonal relationships and future plans. High quality nursing requires understanding the physical and psychosocial aspects of abortion reflecting the nurse's recognition of the cultural, religious, and socioeconomic factors involved. This requires a nurse who is fully aware of her own feelings and can adapt or defer them to the patient's needs. In cases of suction or dilation abortions, these actions are particularly import ant, since the patient is in the hospital only a short time and can be easily ignored. In cases of saline infusion, the nurse should be fully aware of possible complications, including retained placentae, hemorrhage, infection, or uterine perforation. If the patient is readmitted for any of these complications, the nurse should continue to play the informative, supportive role. The nurse and social worker should also be aware of the possible psychological sequel of abortion and watch for mental health problems. It is concluded that post abortion counseling is the best time for contraceptive counseling. Conscientious professional support along these guidelines should insure a positive experience for the abortion patient. Ethics committees involve individuals from diverse backgrounds who support health care institutions with three major functions: providing clinical ethics consultation, developing and/or revising policies pertaining to clinical ethics and hospital policy. To conclude my research paper I hope you came out with a clear balance on the ethical dilemma involved in nursing with it comes to abortion procedures. Its takes a lot working in a field such of this when you’re pro-choice or pro-life but sometimes when you’re working in a certain settings there’s rules and guidelines that you must follow. But you should never feel obligated to something that’s you’re not for but in this situation your personal opinion should be kept to yourself that’s why in turn they created association, committees, and clubs set up with ethical consultants that helps with your concerns sometimes even with your thought of guilt. Hope you came out with my paper not only with an open mind but also a balancing side to both sides. Of course this ethical dilemma isn’t something that can be changed overnight because it is a very sensitive topic.